Communication Clashes and Aircraft Crashes Essay

One of the most hazardous clashes and blunders man would ever have is flying a huge airplane with breezy heads and irate mouths. This occurred in one of the trips of the Korean Airlines especially the Korean Airlines flight 2033, an Airbus A300 which happened four years back. Steered by Captain Barry Woods, a Canadian national and co-guided by a Korean national Chung Chan Kuy. The conflicted between the two began when the Airbus was moving toward a downpour slicked air terminal when Co-pilot Chung asked Captain Woods to â€Å"go around† in light of the fact that he is reluctant to land the art because of lacking separation of Runway 6 of Cheju Airport in South Korea. The skipper wouldn't fret his Co-pilot’s concern in regards to the runway and advised his Co-pilot to get off while flying the through a hurricane with up to 30 mph blasting breezes. On the runway, Co pilot Chung pulled the plane off when the plane has contacted the ground that made the Pilot Woods incensed about what Chung has done and taught the cockpit group to open the cockpit window and get their departure slides. Being in the incomprehensibly important issue circumstance made these two pilots incognizant of whatever positions they have. They even neglected to observe the standard working methods, conventions or rules that the cockpit group ought to follow during crisis circumstances. In this occurrence, the Co-pilot insubordinates his boss by not following the captain’s call or dynamic them conflict putting their passengers’ life in danger. The Co-pilot’s activity in this circumstance floated the pilot’s choice in handling the specialty securely and made it increasingly risky for the lives of their travelers on account of dishonest disobedience the Co-pilot has caused. Chung may have believed that arrival the specialty in a dangerous and short runway would prompted unplanned landing so he chose to pull off the plane without his captain’s orders making them contend on this issue. Envisioning the circumstance while on board an ambushed airbus, the cockpit group may have been reluctant to set down the airplane because of the seething tempest and misjudged the runway causing the two pilots to differ whether to land or prematurely end the arrival. Being load up on a grieved plane activated wild clashes or contradictions on account of the strained and uncomfortable circumstance. In whatever circumstance man would be, team or staff, particularly those on board the plane or boat possibly, the staff ought to have the sense to be quiet in whatever circumstance they may be and rehearse the standard working methodology or conventions that they had experienced during trainings and execute the crisis systems viably and effectively to maintain a strategic distance from further mishaps and they ought to consistently adhere to directions given by their bosses regardless of what happen in light of the fact that they were prepared to do as such. References Deadly Words †Communication Clashes and Aircraft Crashes, (1994), Steven Cushing, University of Chicago Press http://www. airdisaster. com/cvr/kal2033. shtml http://www. airfleets. net/vcrash/crash_report_Korean%20Air_HL7296. htm http://www. planecrashinfo. cpm/1994/1994-50. htm

Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Collection of memoirs of Benjamin Franklin - Essay Example His stepmother brought forth seven kids, three in Ecton and four after they had moved to Boston. Nonetheless, after the end of his mom, his polygamous dad wedded a subsequent spouse, Abiah Folger, who bore ten kids, carrying the complete number of kin to seventeen. This was when America was a province of Great Britain. Because of the servile destitution that had desolated the British settlements during this time, and remembering the numerous kin in the family, Benjamin went to Boston Latin school, a church school for a long time and had to end his examinations rashly because of absence of cash. In opposition to this, his energy for procurement of more information, similar to every one of his siblings, developed continuously because of enthusiasm for books and the energy for composing. In spite of the fact that his dad had been against it from the beginning, he at last gave path in the wake of understanding his son’s undying eagerness for composing and the cost of school instru ction, (Woodworth, 1). He at long last took him to a school for composing and math where he truly exceeded expectations in the previous. Acknowledging he was unable to encourage his children training, his dad ingested him into his fat chandler business recently procured calling in New England. This honed his direction abilities particularly when they went to invasions with the young men in the ocean. His enthusiasm for perusing developed constantly. All minimal expenditure he got was gone through on books with a portion of his first assortments being John Bunyan's Pilgrims Progress and R. Burton's Historical Collections.(Woodworth, 3) The commencement of a printing business by his sibling James on his arrival to England further presented him to an assortment of books. He was made his student and through this, he made numerous associates like Mathew Adams, a creative agent, who presented him to assortment of books in his library assortments, significantly verse. His composing aptitud es improved tremendously for instance when he composed his first verse of The Lighthouse Tragedy .This was additionally upgraded by obtaining of the book, Spectator and the initiation of his siblings first paper, New England Courant, which he covertly added to under the mask of Mrs. Quietness Do-great. These articles pulled in a great deal of exposure around and he in the long run broke ties with his sibling after he found the famous journalist was his sibling (Woodworth, 3) His excursion to Philadelphia saw him work in various printing shops where he sustained beginning his own printing firm. With help from Sir William Keith, the then Pennsylvania representative, to venture out to London to procure printing gear, he would later set up the thought as shameful of thought (Woodworth, 21). In any case, he made a few colleagues like Charles Osborne, Joseph Watson, and James Ralph, all admirers of perusing (Woodworth, 69). With the nonappearance of inevitable possibilities, Ben returned to Philadelphia and built up, along with different competitors and tradesmen, a gathering called Junto with the honorable goal of bettering their locale. This was done through fantastic thoughts that prompted working of the library organization of Philadelphia (Woodworth, 188). The pooling of enough assets from the junta bunch saw him start his life of political lobbyism. Along with his confided in partner, Hugh Meredith, they set up their first printing house in Pennsylvania. This prompted the distribution of their first paper, the Pennsylvania Gazette. Through his steadiness and unremitting fixation for opportunity

How I Learned To Stop Worrying And Love Physics

How I Learned To Stop Worrying And Love Physics Im going to be honest The first five academic weeks here were not a pleasant experience. You all smile about this whole firehose analogy, thinking that it sounds fantastic and youd love it and you cant wait to try it. But actually, the transition can be pretty painful. Im here to tell you it doesnt have to be. Thats right. You dont have to be an academic masochist. Wait, whats that? You like doing all that work for classes youll never need and dont even like instead of spending your time doing things you love? No you dont. Admission officers and bloggers have spent a lot of time and effort preaching to you about your high school activities and life: Spend your time with things youre passionate about. Dont join twenty extra-curriculars because you think you have to in order to have a chance a college. In the end, its what you did for the love of the game thatll shine through anyway. Were not kidding. I got pretty good at this in high school (doing what I love, not working for The Man), and this mentality is what landed me in Taiwan instead of MIT three months after I graduated. So when that fateful time came to register for classes, I tried really hard to keep this in mind. But the pressure to take those pesky I mean really fun GIRs your freshman year is pretty strong, and ultimately, I broke a little. I ended up with two classes I wanted and two GIRs. Most people do not call this breaking. This is because most people are taking pretty much all GIRs and one HASS-D/CW class they may or may not convince themselves they like. With that, Id like to devote an entire entry to a class Im not even in anymore: Physics. [Insert collective gasp from the audience here] Thats right. I dropped physics. If youre wondering why I would do such a thing, and youre expecting a really interesting answer like an elephant eating my homework, youre going to be dissapointed. Because the reason I dropped physics is I didnt like the class. A little about Introductory Physics, henceforth called 8.01, at MIT: 8.01 is your standard introductory physics class taught with your non-standard teaching style: TEAL. (Have you noticed that people here seem to have an overwhelming desire to give everything an acronym?) TEAL, in its extended form, is Technology-Enabled Active Learning, and in its true form probably resembles Satan, or whatever evil being it is you believe in (and if you dont believe in one, you will soon). Wait, did I just say that? Pretend I didnt. Let me be a bit more politically correct. Completely unofficial studies (read: asking Everyone I Know) have resulted in a heavily-supported hypothesis that No One Likes Teal. In true MIT fashion, we will call this theory NOOLT. I strongly suspect the NOOLT phenomenon occured because TEAL, as I overheard someone whose name I cant remember say, is the perfect example of when too much technology can be a bad thing. We sit in tables of nine in groups of three. Each group has a computer to enable the learning process. Most of the time, though, its used to watch the power point thats already projected in four (or more) different places around the room. (Sometimes these computers are used for Facebook. Were going to ignore that data.) In the beginning of the year, we took a diagnostic test and we were assigned to tables in a fashion that would keep an even distribution of physics background at the tables (meaning that all the people who took AP Physics in high school wouldnt sit in the same place). This is all geared towards collaborative learning, which is nice in theory, but what happened in my experience is that the people at the table who knew what theyre doing would work through the problem, and I would be left in the dark in terms of where this equation came from and what that one means. The idea was to learn from eachother, except that I feel that we do plenty of this while working on p-sets. Personally, Id like classtime to be geared more towards learning from the teacher. The point is, even though its supposedly part of the freshman experience, (I dont like that phrase, but thats another entry for another day) to be in the same sinking boat and eventually coming out on top by figuring out how to, I dont know, fix the boat, Im not entirely convinced that itd be smooth sailing from then on. What I mean by that perfectly awful metaphor is that Im not that great at classical mechanics, and even if I somehow figured out how to get around my feelings towards TEAL, Id still struggle a lot in the class. I wasnt looking forward to letting physics continue to feed on my soul for the entire year it was really cutting into my other classes and my happiness. Luckily, there are answers for people in this situation! MIT very rarely leaves you with no choice. Many NOOLT-sympathizers have switched from 8.01 to 8.01L, which is another introductory physics class. Its geared towards people with little-to-no physics or calculus background and Ive heard great things about it. For example, theres a lot more support available for it. They have lecture and recitation. In recitation they can ask their TAs questions and even though the class runs an extra month (through IAP), they can take the time to actually learn and understand the material. I didnt switch into 8.01L for several reasons. The main one was that there was a scheduling conflict with my Favorite Class (ooh, a mystery). But looking back, Im glad that scheduling conflict was there. Now Im taking three classes I like and one GIR, and Im perfectly happy. Now, Before bringing this insanely long entry to a close, Id like to note a few things. The first is that even though I have yet to meet anyone that likes TEAL, that doesnt mean that everyone hates it. First of all, I havent met Everyone. And even if someone doesnt like TEAL, it doesnt mean that they dislike it as much as I do. They may not care either way. It works for some people (I dont know who, but Im trying to be optomistic); it didnt work for me. This is in no way trying to convince you that TEAL is bad you may have no problem I wrote about it mostly to show you all that if something is making you terribly unhappy, there are very often ways to change that. The second thing is that I spent a lot of time complaining that I hated physics my first month here. But after listening to a lot of peoples points of view, Ive decided that I do not, in fact, hate physics. I mean, there are hundreds of people here that love physics. There must be something good about it. And I hope that one day, when I finally take a class thats not 8.01 TEAL, Ill appreciate the subject matter more. The point is, if you ever find yourself in a class you hate, consider the fact that it may be the environment and not the subject matter that you are discontent with. Your life will be significantly happier if you give everything a second thought and chance instead of dwelling on how much you hate or cant do something. The THIRD (and last, I promise) thing is that even though I plan on spreading my GIRs out instead of taking them all at once, there are a couple arguments that go the other way. First of all, your first semester is Pass/No Record, so its nice to be able to take classes you may not particularly enjoy with that safety net. Also, I know a few people who are taking as many GIRs as possible their freshman year so they can focus more on what they enjoy in the coming years. Finally, you have to remember that I am fairly certain about what I want to do with my life. Many people do not know what theyre interested in, and thats okay, and in this case, the GIRs can be a nice way to explore subjects before committing to a major your sophomore year. In conclusion, be rational and do whats best for you. I hope those of you working through your senior year can keep this and your own happiness in mind.

I Am A Strange Loop, By Douglas R. Hofstadter Essay

The question of the self is one that appears throughout history and has been debated in myriad ways. Many people assert their claim as the correct one, though some are content to contemplate the self for the rest of their lives rather than remain at one conclusion. Humans are their own enigma, unable to understand the complexity of themselves. It is important to have some theory of consciousness in order to understand the actions of ourselves and others, therefore it is irresponsible to consider the matter a moot point. After consideration of works describing the physical processes of the brain, it seems that there is nothing more simple or wonderful than consciousness existing within the physical brain. Moreover, the concept of self is a construct of the mind rather than something that truly exists. In Douglas R. Hofstadter’s book, I Am a Strange Loop, the idea of the self as phenomena arising from the physically existing brain is explored. As Hofstadter describes the self, â€Å"†¦for each of us, the strange loop of our unique ‘I’-ness resides inside our own brain. There is one such loop lurking inside the cranium of each normal human being.† (180) Throughout the book, Hofstadter explains that the elusiveness of the self lies in the way people conceptualize abstract ideas and how humans characterize themselves. Essentially, despite much discussion about the general ideas about the self, the truth is that the self is best described by neural functions and mathematical

Tragedy and Comedy Essay - 1248 Words

Theater is a natural outlet for our desire to hear and tell stories, and in some ways it is even more primal and powerful than the written word. At its worst, theater will merely bore; while at its best it will not only entertain but move and shape its audience. Two such genres of theater, or drama, have consistently achieved this effect. Tragedy, represented by the weeping actors’ mask, usually features the title character’s fall from greatness to ruin, guided by the gods or fate. Oedipus Rex, written by Sophocles, is the epitome of classic Tragedy, as defined by Aristotle (96-101). Here, Oedipus falls from kingship to blindness and exile. Drama’s other great genre, Comedy, is represented by the laughing actors’ mask. In Comedy the†¦show more content†¦At their core, Comedy and Tragedy are two sides of the same coin. Without characters, there would not be a story. Whether that character is a human being or an idea, we need something or someone th at can be the reflection of something real onstage. In Oedipus Rex the main character is a young king. On the surface, one might not relate to a rich, powerful king destined to ruin by mythical gods. The Greeks, however, believed that â€Å"tragedy could only befall the great.† (Jacobus 34) Oedipus’ character resonated because he was above them. If it were a plebeian who killed his father and married his mother, it would be our equivalent of an inbred trailer-park tabloid story. His nobility is what keeps the dramatic from becoming the melodramatic. So for the Greeks, Oedipus’ story became a classic because he achieved that perfect balance of nobility and relatability. They experienced fear when Oedipus, a man in a position just under the gods, fell and failed. But both modern man and the ancient Greek can experience pity because we can see part of ourselves in Oedipus. When Oedipus is helpless to escape his fate, part of us shares his frustration. His humanity is timeless. While a Comedy’s main character does not require us to feel pity or fear, we still must relate, albeit in different ways. In Lysistrata, the main character is a confident and quick-witted and although she is subject to sexistShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between a Tragedy and Comedy672 Words   |  3 Pagesthe differences of tragedy and comedy From what I can tell the difference between a good comedy and a good tragedy are the effects of the audiences intended to see or read. There are a few key differences that change them from one genre to the next and these differences really only rely on the hero to separate them from â€Å"comedy† to â€Å"tragedy†. 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The same story written in both of these styles could have a completely different effect on the audience based on the style used. Although completely dissimilar, the two styles did have some similarities, which kept them in the Shakespearian style. Shakespeare’s more widely known comedy and tragedy, The Twelfth Night and Macbeth, respectivelyRead MoreThe Merchant Of Venice : Comedy Or Tragedy? Essay1416 Words   |  6 Pagesof Venice: Comedy or Tragedy? Intro: William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice is a perplexing story of dark humor, race, religion, identity, love, and justice. Generally, most people understand The Merchant of Venice as a comedy about a bitter and outcasted Jewish moneylender named Shylock who seeks revenge against a Christian merchant who has failed to pay his loan back. However, there are many different perspectives on whether The Merchant of Venice is a comedy or a tragedy depending onRead MoreThe Comedic Tragedy Of A Tragic Comedy1590 Words   |  7 PagesThe Comedic Tragedy of a Tragic Comedy William Shakespeare was always known for the vast range of narrative skills that his writing exemplified. When one thinks of his plays a plethora of different genres come to mind. Shakespeare had a knack for writing plays that could be classified by genres on each end of the spectrum and in between as well. His repertoire includes heartfelt comedies, all the way to the other extreme, which are drama-filled tragedies. Each genre brings about a necessity forRead MoreComedy and Tragedy According to Aristotle1912 Words   |  8 PagesComedy and Tragedy | |      Ã‚  Ã‚   Comedy   Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Aristotle (who speculates on the matter in his Poetics), ancient comedy originated with the komos, a curious and improbable spectacle in which a company of festive males apparently sang, danced, and cavorted rollickingly around the image of a large phallus.   (If this theory is true, by the way, it gives a whole new meaning to the phrase stand-up routine.)   Ã‚  Ã‚   Accurate or not, the linking of the origins of comedy to some sort of phallicRead MoreShakespearean Comedy Vs. Tragedy1777 Words   |  8 PagesShakespearean Comedy vs. Tragedy Some people tend to think that William Shakespeare was some famous writer that was only capable of spitting out sad love stories. This is widely disproved through the reading of multiple Shakespearean works. 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Most literary sources categorize The Merchant of Venice as a comedy because it fits the description by having a happy ending

The Evolution of Sales Models in the Indian Pharma Industry Free Essays

string(103) " for rural geographies and models, it was observed that nearly 80% responded has worked well for them\." The Evolution of Sales Models in the Indian Pharma Industry By AmArdeep Udeshi, engAgement mAnAger, ims ConsUlting groUp And mohit BAhri, ConsUltAnt, ims ConsUlting groUp Dear colleagues, We are proud to present to you the outcome of a unique initiative jointly undertaken by OPPI and IMS Consulting Group (IMSCG). As part of the OPPI Committee on Sales Force Excellence (SFE), a decision was taken last year to understand the prevailing practices and emerging trends with respect to Sale Forces, aimed at driving SFE across the Indian Pharma industry. As part of this study, OPPI and IMS Health undertook a survey amongst key senior management personnel, wherein information was captured related to sales force structures, the principle behind their set ups and the challenges faced therein. We will write a custom essay sample on The Evolution of Sales Models in the Indian Pharma Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fourteen companies responded to this survey. What is presented here is a brief glimpse of the findings of this survey, within the context of changing sales models in the Indian pharma industry. Supporting this data are insights provided by IMS Consulting Group based on their expertise and knowledge of the industry and its changing dynamics along with inputs from other industry experts associated with OPPI. What this paper attempts to do is to showcase how sales models are being, and will continue to be, reinvented and redesigned across the Indian pharma market landscape in the years to come. We do hope you find this article and the subject as interesting as we found it to be while bringing this paper to you. Thank you, Tapan Ray Director General OPPI Ram Kalyana Country Principal, India IMS Consulting Group 2 the only ConstAnt is ChAnge itself The ever changing face of the Indian pharma industry and its ability to adapt innovatively has reinforced the fact that adaptation is the only way to survive. With every passing decade, a new commercial challenge has emerged; which in-turn has provided the industry with an opportunity to ride the waves to reach newer heights. An annual turnover of Rs 600 Bn with a CAGR in excess of 15% is a testimony to the fact that key players have emerged, winning over time. With time, newer and innovative commercial approaches have been adopted and implemented, thus demonstrating that the companies have adapted themselves to the fluidic nature of the Indian pharma market. As Fig. below indicates, following the announcement of a formal patent structure in 1995, Indian players started gearing up for the product patent regime. During this time, a transition from conservative sales models to ag- gressive and innovative sales models was observed. Companies geared up their RD efforts to meet the product patent criteria, and undertook an aggressive expansion in early 2000s from a gradual ramp up of portfolio and sales force in late 90s. So aggressive was the portfolio expansion, that the average number of new brands launch increased from nearly 700/year in the late 1990s to 2,500/year between 2000 and 2005. At the same time, companies expanded their sales forces aggressively in attempts to reach out to the geographical corners of the country, including rural markets in the late 2000s. In a bid to increase revenue further, innovators engaged in co-promotion of their patented products and out-licensing. At the same time, with limited options to expand portfolio and near saturation in the top cities in India, companies started adopting newer commercial models and sales force structures (like task forces, therapy experts, Key Account Manager structure, Contracted Sales Operations, etc. to more efficiently target the market. Figure 1: Changing Sales Dynamics in the Indian Pharma Industry Announcement of patent regime massive restructuring and scale up product patent implemented shrinking pipeline and rise of pharmerging markets †¢ Companies start gearing up for expansion †¢ sf and portfolio ramp up †¢ Avg new products launched/yr 650-700 †¢ started investments in rd †¢ rapid adoption of business unit structure †¢ expansion to extra-urban geographies †¢ emergence of newer sales model like taskforce, therapy experts †¢ Co-promotion/licensing agreements kicked in †¢ rise of organized retail vents likely to impact future sales models †¢health insurance †¢govt. adopting health security measures for certain sections of society †¢ gst regime †¢ Aggresive portfolio sales force expansion, 2,500 new products launched/yr †¢ gradual adoption of business unit structure †¢ mnCs entering india and also launching global portfolio 1995-2000 Source: IMS intelligence 2000-2005 2005-2010 †¢ emergence of new stakeholders, sales channels †¢ likely adoption of newer sales model like channel management, KAm, Cso, etc 2010 and beyond Future 3 Companies who aggressively ramped-up were able to (See Fig. below) shows that these initiatives have maintain their bottom line, thus indicating that these proved to be fruitful and provided healthy bottom strategies paid off. A Top-level financial assessment lines. Figure 2: Profitability trends – Key companies MNCs 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 40% 35% 30% Indian Companies operating profit % 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% -5% -10% 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 novartis Astra merck Abbott pfizer Aventis ranbaxy glenmark drl sun pharma CiplA % operating profit = operating profit/ operating income source: www. money. rediff. com However, in an ever changing market environment, the drive up efficiencies, be it through streamlining operasustainability of these models in terms of profitability tions, adapting their sales model to market realties, or needs to be carefully considered. Hence, it’s imperative enhancing efficacy of initiatives. for the industry to look within for the opportunities to As an industry executive says, â€Å"We moved from a Sales and Marketing structure to a Business Unit structure to bring more accountability, manage evolving business needs and use equity of organization for reaching to the middle of the accessible pyramid. We have also created a horizontal strategic excellence team across these BUs for process evaluation. † Another industry executive mentioned that adopting specialized field forces to promote super-specialty products, using a traditional field In a survey jointly undertaken by IMSCG and OPPI force to promote other less specialized products, and a CSO amongst leading companies related to sales practices (Contracted Sales Operations) model for rural geographies and models, it was observed that nearly 80% responded has worked well for them. You read "The Evolution of Sales Models in the Indian Pharma Industry" in category "Essay examples" Thus, the industry has seen an to having changed their sales model at least once in the adoption of multiple kinds of sales forces – an improvelast 5 years. Nearly 80% of the companies contacted ment over having a ‘traditional sales force only’ model. by IMS have already adopted multiple business unit models, with or without additional specific task forces; While most of the companies have adopted this Business with the number of business units ranging from 2 to Unit structure, a few pushed further ahead by adopting newer innovative promotional models like patient activa10, depending on portfolio width. ion teams, therapy specialists, or creating patient awareness through mass media. CUrrent sAles models The sales force continues to be the biggest promotional investment for pharma players. Industry has evolved around making most use of this resource and has adopted innovative commercial models, from sales and marketing structure to business unit structure to speci alized task forces, as per their needs – often proactively adapting existing sales models to market realities 4 As seen in Fig. below, while key determinants of the and target doctor specialty, a few companies have also sales force structure are therapy focus, portfolio width, aligned their models around geographies and profitability. Figure 3: therapy focus portfolio (number of brands) specialty focus nature of product (otC/hospital based) geography focus stage in lifecycle of the portfolio mix of different profibility brands realignment of brands due to merger/acquisition 0 2 4 5. 5 6 8 7. 2 6. 9 6. 9 6. 7 9. 2 8. 9 8. 7 10 A few of the models seen in the pharma industry (see Fig. 4 below) are: †¢ therApy foCUs promotion: Generally seen where a portfolio is specialized, therapy focused, and scripts are driven through chosen few doctors; generally in chronic segment. †¢ ChAnnel mAnAgement: Mostly in OTC /OTX business; mature products with wider portfolio width. †¢ hospitAl tAsKforCe: Exclusively to manage hospital business. †¢ speCiAlty driven sAles model: Applicable in scenarios where portfolio is built around 2 or 3 specialties. tAsK forCe: Generally adopted for niche products in urban areas, such as fertility clinics or for new launches where the focus is on select top rung physicians only. †¢ oUt-soUrCed sAles forCe: Generally used for expansion in extra-urban geographies or with companies for whom medico-marketing is secondary (such as OTC or Consumer Healthcare companies). Figure 4: Newer Sales Force Models adopted task-force institutional sales force Channel sales multiple BU sales force therapy focus specialty focus Acute vs chronic focus geography focus others Urban Geography Urban + lower town classes therapy experts rural superspecialty focus/ niche hospital focus distributor sales force otC rural sales force (owned / outsourced) multispecialty broad portfolio Portfolio non-exhaustive indicative overview of indian pharma sales models 5 Different companies have adopted different strategies, but the key reason cited for adapting these changes remains the same: to provide better customer focus and targeting, enhance efficiencies, facilitate expansion to newer business areas (both therapies and geographies), and increase accountability of the resources. One of the executives surveyed said, â€Å"We created multiple structures to expand coverage to new markets and therapy areas in line with growth expectation, support new launches, and strengthen key markets institutional sales. † For specialty products driven companies, task forces account for nearly 15% of the total sales force. Key determinants of adapting these models are therapy focus, width of product portfolio and target doctor specialties. Interestingly, responses of those companies having mature products tending to an OTX profile suggest that channel management has already made inroads into pharma sales, accounting for nearly 20% of sales forces, second only to traditional sales force. Geography also emerges as one of the key determinants of sales model adoption, which shows that companies are also looking at realigning their sales model around the varied need of various geographies. An industry executive contacted by OPPI-IMS said â€Å"A new BU was created in our company to tap the opportunity in the lower town classes. The BU contribution to the overall business is close to 20%. † Another executive said, â€Å"Emerging and untapped business in the Class 3 or 4 towns and rural sector will impact the future selling model,† thus Figure 5: Key benefits and challenges with various sales structures acknowledging the seriousness around rural consumers. MNCs like Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, Pfizer are actively expanding to Tier IV cities and below, creating profitable business models around rural geographies. Extra-urban geographies require different sales models in addition to a different strategy in terms of portfolio, distribution, pricing and promotion. It has also been observed that many companies have adopted a multi-pronged commercial model to target specific needs of the various customer sets. One of the industry executives said, â€Å"We adopted multiple strategies, like divisionalization in different therapy segment to bring better focus on field implementation, creation of channel management to manage late life cycle brands, launch of an extra urban division to increase reach, and launch of super specialty division like Derma Cardio. Previous studies from IMSCG suggest that this is not an isolated case, but is now a common practice followed by both Indian and MNC players. No one model fits all. As seen in Fig. 5 below, different models have their share of benefits and challenges; innovative sales structures increase customer focus, but with additional investment. Hence, one needs to study financial feasibility of a adopting a new commercial model. While a few companies have started to reassess their selling model, many play ers still rely on traditional promotional channels, where doctor coverage, call frequency, and working ays still define the KPIs for the sales force. Benefits Account management Channel management hospital management task force structure Cso †¢ high Customer focus †¢ Customer management †¢ Wider reach and frecuency †¢ helpful in managing large portfolio †¢ high focus on potential hospitals †¢ high productivity for speciality business †¢ high impact and productivity †¢ service to focus customers †¢ geographically better reach †¢ flexibility in operation reduces managerial cost Challenges high investment †¢ delay in payments †¢ lower margins †¢ resource constraint for the wider reach †¢ price war †¢ formulary listing for new products †¢ scattered geography †¢ Cost of operation †¢ Compliance and quality of operations †¢ tough to coordinate and align Cso to parent company 6 A closer look at c urrent models show that these models, though they would have provided an edge to the players, have largely focused around single stakeholder, primarily doctors. A study by IMSCG shows that decision making power of other stakeholders, including patients, hospitals, payers, and insurance companies, has Figure 6: een on a steady rise in recent years. Rising influence of new stakeholders in deciding treatment pathway will force the market players to look at newer touch points with new stakeholders and hence the promotional channels. KPIs for the sales team need to evolve to include these new key stakeholders. International Scenario Media Promotion Influential Influential Indian Scenario Doctors Media Promotion Doctors Patient Groups Payors Consumers Distribution channels Distribution channels Existing Consumers Insurance Patient Groups New Weak Existing New Moreover, there are fundamental differences in stakeholder evolution between Western and Indian markets, which to an extent explains the difference between commercial models in the West and in India. While doctors are still the center of healthcare in India, the West has seen an emergence of consumers, payers, private insurance and patient groups as strong stakeholders in healthcare management. With Westernization of the Indian healthcare market, newer stakeholders are likely to gain more importance, and thus will be the need for newer ways and means of targeting them. Leading MNCs like Sanofi-Aventis, Roche, Lilly, MSD, and GSK have already started engaging newer stakeholders (patients) to maintain their leadership in the market. Awareness campaigns, as adopted by MSD for Gardasil or by GSK for its vaccine portfolio or by Sanofi-Aventis for its top end brands have helped route the patients to their products. Weak 7 emerging trends in the heAlthCAre system OPPI-IMSCG has identified six key trends in healthcare which are likely to influence the way pharma companies adopt their sales models in the next decade. These trends will see emergence of new stakeholders and promotional channels, that no company may afford to ignore, impacting future commercial models. These key trends are: 1. pAtients inCreAsingly BeComing strong stAKeholders: Increasing education, awareness, and income have prompted patients to actively seek a healthy life-style. Patients have emerged as stronger stakeholders in the overall treatment chain, commanding what they want, at the price they want, where they want and by whom. Demand for preventive treatment, rather than curative, is increasingly becoming prominent amongst patients. Vaccination is a case in study, where companies like GSK and MSD have targeted primarily the end-user to ramp up patient acquisition. Increasing use of health check-up packages, awareness creation through media promotion, and government initiatives in rural healthcare will only lead to further strengthening of patients as key stakeholders in the healthcare system. †¢ Engages patients by providing services at their home for products like Arava and Actonel †¢ engages patients by providing services †¢ Program is called as SPARSH Typical is called as spArsh †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢program services include †¢ Counseling †¢ Diagnostic tests t their home for products like Arava †¢ Typical services include and Actonel †¢ Counseling †¢ Delivery of starter kits †¢typical Insurance †¢ Medicalservices include †¢ Exercising equipments †¢ Counseling †¢ Physiotherapy sessions †¢ delivery starter kits †¢ Diagnostic Tests †¢ medica l insurance †¢ Personalized visit †¢ exercising equipments †¢ Emergency help †¢typical services include call center †¢ Query handling via †¢ Counseling †¢ diagnostic tests †¢ Patient doesn’t has to pay anything †¢ Query handling via call center extra †¢ patient doesn’t has to pay anything extra Doctors are reported about the status of the †¢ diagnostic tests patients †¢ personalized visit †¢ physiotherapy sessions †¢ doesn’t has to †¢ Patient emergency help pay anything extra †¢ doctors are reported about the status of the patients †¢ patient doesn’t has to pay anything extra MNCs have been actively engaging customers by providing disease management services to retail patients taking their products. Counseling, physiotherapy sessions, and diagnostic tests are all services being provided to patients. Patient reach programs will require different set ups and servicing teams with specific skill sets. A leading MNC vaccine player reaches out to their patients through an SMS reminder service. An industry executive mentioned use of call centers for chronic disease management as a possibility. Thus, implementation of patient engagement programs will require adoption of different sales and service models, and hence newer capabilities by market players 2. emergenCe of neW heAlthCAre delivery ChAnnels The hospital segment is strongly emerging in the Indian healthcare sector. Private and corporate hospitals have grown at a 15-20% on YOY basis, and the trend is expected to continue for the next 5 years as well. Penetration in Tier II cities and medical tourism will further boost growth of corporate hospitals. The upcoming increase in number of corporate hospitals will result in a structure where players will not only require a hospital sales force, but also the key account managers to handle relationships with wider set of stakeholders like purchase managers, administrative staff, and nursing staff. Most of the companies surveyed by IMS either already have a hospital division, or are planning to have one in next 2-3 years. 8 3. UptAKe of generiCs By government hospitAl seCtor Mandated prescribing of generics by government hospitals is expected to strongly impact the sales of branded drugs in the long run. Mandated generics prescription in the West has already led to emergence of new sales model aimed at generics promotion. Though IMSCG does not see this trend impacting India much in next 5 years, over next decade or so it will be interesting to see what new commercial models pharma players adopt. Pharma companies may also need to engage aggressively with government bodies like pricing authorities, or approval committees. . groWing otC seCtor Use of media in driving brand promotion and reaching out to masses has opened up a new avenue for Pharma players to grow beyond traditional channels. Revital, Gelusil, Liv 52, Volini, No Marks, Crocin are the classic case studies, where pharma players expanded their reach through newer promotional channels like media promotion or in-store branding. Because OTC implies r eaching out to patients and consumers without doctor intervention, it necessitates focusing attention on pharmacies directly, developing new distribution models, pricing and consumer targeting. Healthcare FMCG companies like GSKCH, Nestle and Britannia have a dedicated medical detailing field force meeting doctors and nutritionists to promote their brand too. Emergence of OTC is further expected to catch-up in next 5-10 years, with many more companies eyeing to acquire a broader patient base through multi-channel marketing. Hence, pharmacos need to adopt a different model for targeting customers 5. orgAnized retAil phArmACy ChAins Increasing spread of organized pharmacy chains like Apollo, Guardian and 98. 4, will make pharma players think about managing the growing power of newer distribution channels. According to industry estimates, organized retail pharmacy chains already account for nearly 5% of pharma sales in India, and their share is increasing year on year. These chains cannot be ignored any longer. Over a period of time, the role of organized players may evolve from mere distribution of drugs to managing patients’ health. Pharma companies may need to think about how to engage with these chains to deliver more and more services to their patients. With increasing share of sales, the demand for further discounting by these chains is not far away. Not only will these pharmacies demand price discounting, they will impact the way the supply chain is currently structured. With media promotion driving the customer pull, merchandising will take a bigger role in overall sales promotion at these pharmacies. Thus, the association between pharmacos and these chains needs to grow in a manner that both parties benefit from the inter-play. 6. rise of heAlth insUrAnCe Increasing penetration of health insurance will increase power of insurance companies to decide inclusion or exclusion of drugs in re-imbursement list. It is expected that the total population covered under health insurance will increase from 2. 3% in 2007 to 20% by 2015. The possibile emergence of a drug re-imbursement list by Indian insurance companies cannot be ruled out, which may eventually lead to dictating the business terms by insurance companies to pharma players. †¢Companies like ICICI Lombard are now eyeing to launch disease specific insurance covering cost of medications as well. One such policy, called Diabetes Care, is already in the market. 9 Including insurance companies as a key stakeholder in ers,† while another mentioned â€Å"Sales force will have to Pharma commercial model products will increasingly manage end customer connect besides marketing brands become crucial. to doctors†. Another executive feels patients will gain more importance in future, saying, â€Å"Most companies will Each of the above trends will impact the pharma sales have focused approach and work towards better customer model in their own way, paving the way for new com- service leading to patient benefit. OPPI-IMSCG feels mercial models in the pharmaceutical industry. Industry that as the momentum of evolution of these trends gather also seems to acknowledge these trends as one industry pace, so will the evolution of pharma commercial models executive stated, â€Å"Sales structures will evolve to manage in the next decade. With these changes, the industry has new channels like corporate hospitals or modern format witnessed an emerg ence of the concept of SFE – Sales retail. Government policies, payers and healthcare pro- Force Excellence. iders will influence the sales models of pharma play- are seriously looking to have a dedicated team for rural markets. Each of these models clearly points towards targeted approach to new stakeholders, though it’s too early to predict the nuances of each of the models. The role of existing resources will also evolve from †¢Ismycurrentsalesmodelsustainableinthefuture? mere touch points with customers to engaging final †¢Ismycurrentsalesmodeloptimalforfuturemarket consumers and managing the health of the patients. cenario? One industry executive points out, â€Å"Pharma sales †¢HowshouldIevolveandadapttothesechanges? structure will slowly move towards a more scientific dialogue between the sales force and the doctor. This Answers are not easy to come by, but a few compa- would require highly trained MRs with good ability nies will lead the way. Ac cording to the OPPI-IMSCG to engage doctors more effectively. † study, key players in the industry believe that adaptation of current sales model will be a must for survival. This question will be even more pertinent going forWith the emergence of innovative sales models like ward; especially keeping in mind how difficult it is getkey account management, hospital task force, channel ting to find good talent in the market and how to make management, therapy specialist, and media promotion, existing talent more effective and productive through it is clear where sales models are heading. Companies skill-set enhancement. AdApting neW CommerCiAl models Emerging trends in healthcare delivery will force the pharma players to re-think about their go-to-market strategy. Some key questions to ask are: Figure 7: yesterday sales representative roles fairly standardized reach and frequency paradigm share of voice sf main promotional channel molecular targeting individual incentives technology used by innovators sfe function infrequent empirical decision making today/tomorrow different roles: (KAm, relationships rep, sample dropper and power rep) relationship paradigm share of relationship mC2 = multi-client/multi-channel Atomistic targeting team incentives effective use of technology sfe function contributing to roi evidence-based decision making 0 The OPPI-IMSCG study predicts the gradual shift of the traditional approach of meeting the customer, to future approach of relationship building and engaging with customers. Much will change. â€Å"Managing the patients together† is perceived to be the key to success. Delinking the role of sales force from stockist management will help sales teams to focus exclusively on customers. Engaging multiple st akeholders through multi-channel promotion and touch-points will be the crucial. Segmenting the customers, from current Potential-Support Model to more evolved models like Behavioral Segmentation will provide the cutting edge to the players. e-detailing, e-seminars, e-doctor meetings, and online awareness campaigns will drive the patient flow to the healthcare system. Thus, KPIs for the sales forces may evolve as well. ing in-depth analytics so as to lead to scientific decision making; from coordinating sales force activities to managing ROI through informed decision making with an end objective of improving efficiencies of existing systems. As one executive said, â€Å"There will be a concerted focus on SFE. Analytics will take over an important role in deciding sales force size and predicting sales forecast. † Measures of success will shift from PRPM model to carry-over models, thus, each incremental sales rep being added to sales force will have its own justification. With eroding product differentiation the sales and marketing capabilities will be the key differentiator. The Indian pharma industry will need to develop sales force competency and elements of SFE will take the driving seat. The reward systems will incorporate balance of sales achievement Industry experts also predict that evolving and harvesting with equal emphasis in effort parameters. newer touch points with patients will be a key to success. Study of patient flows in healthcare is likely to gain Considering that the largest resource allocation in comimportance. Not only will patient flow study impact the panies takes place on sales teams, it becomes important sales model, it will also impact the portfolio choice for the that SFE as a function be evaluated ore seriously. In players. An industry executive pointed out,â€Å"Key Account order to institutionalize the discipline of SFE, companies Management will have increasing importance for MNCs will need to build capabilities for an enterprise-wide SFE with pipeline of patented products and strategic partner- setup which will be actively engaged in enabling investing initiative will also impact sales models. † ments into innovative and hybrid sal es models or demand generation models. To do this successfully and build a Within the last 5 to 6 years, companies have also created better business case for the same, companies will need a dedicated SFE function, with the purpose of improv- to closely examine how investments are channelized into ing the productivity of the sales forces. The role of SFE is each of the various initiatives – balancing financial rigour expected to evolve strongly over the next 5 years, involv- with overall implementability. Figure 8: Smaller field forces: removal of mirrored field forces Right sizing: each rep seeing 30-40 doctors more often Account based selling: managing groups of prescribers based on % effort and not reach frequency Key Account Mgt: relationship rep can call in specialized personnel as needed Prescriber Knowledge opportunity – Accessibility – responsiveness the sales model of Today Organizational Models therapy focused – team based – outsourcing specialist – Key Account mgt. new bonus and compensation models patient flow – local guidelines/Bodies influence to diagnose prescribe the sales model of The Future Portfolio Treatment Pathways Influence MNCs are expected to lead the change and that trend of micro-targeting has already begun. Companies like MSD, Sanofi-Aventis, and Roche have shown that value, and not cost, drives the healthcare choice. Januvia, (though much lesser than international price) is priced much higher and entered recently in the market, has already clocked sales of Rs 100 crs. Thus, its well said by a pharma executive: â€Å"The way of marketing differentiated products, depending on their life cycle stage, will be of utmost importance. Newer ways of promotion too will have to be considered. † 11 Conclusion Declining effectiveness of current sales models will only lead to emergence of newer approaches in pharma selling. Though the approaches will vary vastly from company to company, the trend has already started. Pharmaceutical players should seriously start evaluating their options and envisage how their sales models should evolve in the next 10 years to maintain their competitive edge. Where doesthefuturelie? IsKAMthesolution,orisittheCSO that will emerge? Willchannelmanagementgainmost importance? Towhatextentshouldmarketcoveragebe increased? How would one need to balance this with costeffectiveness? Theanswerswillemergeonlywiththe time, but with market maturing, patients actively seeking healthcare, and newer stakeholders emerging, another round of adaptation in pharma sales model is inevitable. No single business model may suffice in future. The future will belong to hybrid business models, with different structures co-existing together. We would like to acknowledge the contributions of the following OPPI – SFE Committee Members : Mr. Rajan Tejuja, Chairman, OPPI SFE Committee and President Executive Director, Johnson Johnson Ltd. Mr. Vinay Gokhale,Vice Chairman, OPPI SFE Committee and Sales Training Development Manager, Abbott India Ltd. Mr. Sekar Sabapathy, Member, OPPI SFE Committee and Senior Director – Cardiology Hospital BU, Aventis Pharma Ltd. (Group Sanofi Aventis). Mr. Biplab Chatterjee, Member, OPPI SFE Committee and Vice President – Sales, Solvay Pharma India Ltd. Mr. Partha Ghosh, Member, OPPI SFE Committee and Director, Commercial, Pfizer Ltd. Mr. Vivek Padgaonkar, Director, OPPI. ABoUt ims ConsUlting groUp: inflUenCing the fUtUre of gloBAl heAlth IMS Consulting Group (IMSCG) is the pre-eminent global life sciences consultancy. Distinguished by our sector and client focus, international reach, world-class methodologies and unrivaled talent, we provide clients with Powerful Insights that inform Smarter Decisions. Within IMSCG, we have a bold vision – To Influence the Future of Global Health! Who We Are: †¢500+specialistbest-in-classconsultants †¢AdvisingLifeScienceleadersoncriticalbusinessissueswithsingularfocus †¢Cadreofhealth/pharma-relatedbackgroundsandadvanceddegrees Where We Are: †¢Combiningglobalreachwithlocalmarketstrength †¢KeyhubsinLondon,NewYork,ShanghaiandTokyo †¢Localexpertsonthegroundinpharmergingmarkets-China,Brazil, India, Russia, Turkey, and more hoW We mAKe the differenCe: †¢Maximizingproductportfoliovalueineveryphaseofthe pharma lifecycle †¢Deeptherapy-areaandindustryexpertise †¢Passionforlifesciencesandcommitmenttoclients ms ConsUlting groUp IMS HEALTH INFORMATION CONSULTING SERVICES INDIA PVT. LTD. ICC Chambers, 4th Floor, Saki-Vihar Road, Powai, Mumbai – 400 072 India www. imsconsultinggroup. com 12 How to cite The Evolution of Sales Models in the Indian Pharma Industry, Essay examples

Sociology and Language free essay sample

The crux of sociolinguistics is society +language=sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics and linguistics There are many sociolinguistics who would also call themselves linguists. ?The question of who is socialist and who is not neither interesting nor important. ?Linguistics differs from sociolinguistics in taking account only the structure of language to the exclusion of the social context in which it is learned and use. ?The task of the linguistics is to work out the rules of language, after that sociolinguistics study any points at which these rules make context with society. ?Different alternative way of expressing the same thing , taken/chosen by different social group. (quality of sociolinguistics) ? Different societies use languages which show their behavior. ?In the current modern society, socio is discipline which is based on theological and empirical. ?In sociolinguistics language theory and language behaviorism are discussed: Example Language theory: ?Pashto uttered ? aggressive ? French language ? politeness This is theory but when we go to prove it become practical. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology and Language or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ?Theory + practical = thesis (sociolinguistics) ?There is a two way relation between language and society: 1. On the base of language we infer culture. 2. On the base of culture we infer language. Relationship between sociology and linguistics Sociology: It is a study of society (behaviorism, attitude, social norm, living style, ruling and relations etc). Linguistics: The set pattern of language which includes syntax, semantics etc †¦ ?Linguistics talk about grammar (noun, pronoun,†¦) but sociolinguistics talk about the social use of these words. Example: If a Urdu linguist teach Urdu to any foreigner ( , , ). These are the thing which linguist tell him. But sociolinguistics will tell him how to use it in society. ?To some extent sociology and linguistics so side by side. A teacher should not only know the grammar but also to use it in different context. Usage and Use Usage: Talking about the prescribe rule of the language. This will be of major use for linguist. Use: Practical or actual application of prescribe use, this will be of major use of sociolinguist. ?The use of language refers to the society which comes under society. ?If we talk about the use of language, it basically social use so we link up this social use with the sociology. ?When we talk about sociology we define one society to another. Stratification of Pakistani society: A. Landlords B. Bureaucrats C. Businessmen D. Politicians E. Professional people F. Peasants/ farmer G. Beggars ?All of these groups have different languages. Everyone has his own language according to the level. ?Sociolinguistics study the use of language in different context of society. 1. 2 Sociolinguistic phenomena An imaginary world Pakistani society compare with such a society which actually do not exist. By comparing we come to know the relation of language with particular society. Every society has natural bound aries. These boundaries mean that no other people can come and join. Society and culture is affected by language when we used different language together (English+ Hindi ruin pet lang) Example: (may nay ik picture banaye hay) Linguist cannot judge from which society it belongs.

Faulkner Barn Burning free essay sample

In the story, â€Å"Barn Burning,† Faulkner explores southern social themes, what happens when individuals lose their connection to this society and its values, and the significance of the â€Å"barn burning† phenomena, and how psychologically stimulating it is to Abner, and how this affects his son Sarty. â€Å"Barn Burning was written in the early1930s this was a decade of the Great Depression and social and economic turmoil. This story offers readers insight into the years of the early South. In these readings, society is blamed for Abner’s s barn burning, rebellious personality (Loges). He is struggling against the oppressive economic restraints placed on him, and at the same time represents the new face of the South, rising against the old aristocratic order (Loges). The second courtroom scene in which de Spain exacts a payment of twenty bushels of corn against your crop for the ruined rug can be discussed in the context of de Spains use of the words contract and commissary. We will write a custom essay sample on Faulkner Barn Burning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The economic and legal authority exerted by the owner in this system of repressive, old-fashioned privilege which creates the near impossibility of the tenants ever getting out from under will then become more understandable for readers to grasp the context and comprehend what was going on in the 1930s. This illustrates the oppressive factor going on with Sarty and Mr. Snopes as well as many other poverty-stricken individuals during that time. The contrast between the de Spain mansion and the Snopes tenant farmer shack highlights the terrible divide between owner and tenant in the 30s. Here in Barn Burning the small, impoverished and illiterate ten-year-old boy, ill-nourished on cold food and dressed in clean but faded, patched jeans, has experienced home as a succession of identical unpainted two room houses, tenant farmer hovels, for the Snopeses have moved a dozen times through poor country. What was more evident to me of the social divide, was very prominent in the 1930s was the class distinction. Especially in the encounter at the white aristocrats mansion, which draws attention to the superior status of the black house servant over the poor white tenant farmer. Here the finer quality of the blacks attire, his position within the house, and his power to deny the white entrance heighten the racial tensions. Poor white sweat may mix with nigger sweat. The quality of life of the poor whites and that of the blacks are too similar: whites may now claim a racial superiority but not class superiority. Poor whites, too, can be owned as blacks were. The racial element in the doorway encounter only fuels the fathers rage all the more. The black servant who obviously holds a superior position in the doorway challenges his supposed supremacy as a white man. The blacks appearance and his authoritarian position over Snopes within the confines of the house mock the Synopses claims to racial superiority. Mississippis was one of the poorest states in the 1930s, a state with an unmatched record of racial atrocities, a state where poor whites and blacks scraped at the bottom of the economic barrel, and where the racial tensions exploded in rage and violence. These historic facts can lead to a clearer understanding of why Abner Snopes acts as he does here. Yet equally the cluster of words like ruthless, bloodless, stiff, cut from tin, and iron like surrounding Abner Snopes suggests the metallic, inhuman, mechanical identity Faulkner also recognizes in Snopes. Any love, pity, and compassion are now gone from the father; only the frozen ferocity and the cold, dead voice remain. In Abner Snopes Faulkner captures the toll to the human spirit that the oppression, deprivation, and injustice of the Great Depression exacted. Furthermore, the relentless defiance by the underclass extracts an even greater human cost. The situation and system dehumanize the individual in ways that Abner Snopes graphically exemplifies. Abner  Snopes, a rebellious sharecropper with a â€Å"barn burning† past, is the main character who acts as antagonist in the story while being a victim in his mind. Abner  Snopes, who was a thief and coward even before the end of the Civil War,  is  now isolated from his previous pride, identity, and sense of self by the new equality and values that invade his world. As a result,  Snopes  feels free to completely blame the world for his actions, and violates moral rules without regret in the society he no longer accepts. Abner is a violent and primitive force of destruction. When interacting with his family he is emotionless and stiff. Snopes’ physical presence fully reflects the inner corruption and love of revenge that he embodies. His leg, shot in the war when he was stealing confederate horses for personal profit, drags lamely behind him, an external indicator of his warped inner life. Because Snopes is solely unable to express himself articulately or intelligently, his sole remedies for self-expression are violence and cruelty. These tactics have overtaken his worldview so completely that they have infused his sense of who he is. He compensates for these shortcomings by being a silent tyrant, ruling his family with threats and the promise of violence, as well as by destroying the livelihood of those individuals he believes have insulted him by way of fire. From the beginning of the story Abner rejects society’s values. During the Civil War, he doesn’t not fight alongside the Confederate Army; instead (never admits to) but shows his selfishness of stealing from both sides for his own gain. When he tries to escape on a stolen horse a policeman shoots him in the heel, the policeman representing â€Å"society. He does not like upward mobility of â€Å"rich† society it is evident in the passage â€Å"Pretty and white, aint it? †¦ Thats sweat. Nigger sweat. Maybe it aint white enough to suit him yet. He wants to mix some white sweat with it. (969) By tracking poop on the de Spain rug Abner is sending a powerful message to de Spain. Abner shows him just what he thinks of a man who gets ri ch on the sweat of the poor. There is something admirable about that Unfortunately, Abners class war has devastating consequences on his family. They live in terror and fear of Abners next strategic fight against power and privilege. Abner’s  impotent rage and search for vengeance push him to lash out violently at almost anyone with whom he comes in contact, but his actions are framed (in his mind) as revenge, not as evil. His method of destruction comes in the form of fire, which he uses to threaten, not to kill. Snopes’ does not use fire to kill because he still has to participate in society, and in his mind he is always the victim, not a criminal: barn burning is justice in his mind, and  Snopes’ still sees himself as a man forced to function in a corrupt world. His method is to allow a situation to provoke, create an imagined wrong,  then  conveniently forget that he started the situation, so that he might vent with barn burning in the name of symbolically righting all the wrongs done to him in life. From the small fires made at camp to the larger ones that burn down barns, Abner is the boss. Abner  as a fiercely independent spirit who flouts aristocratic oppression. Abner  tyrannizes his wretched family mercilessly; adheres selfishly to his own designs, heedless of his familys welfare; and squelches any attempt for social reform or communal identity (Ford). From this passage stated by Ford that hates the predicament that he is currently in and is almost compelled to lash out in the very distinct act of barn burning. Not even evaluating what this does to his family let alone their personal welfare. According to Loges, the narrator suggest that the fire to Abner, has mystical powers â€Å"the element of fire spoke to some deep mainspring of his father’s being, as the element of steel or of powder spoke to other men, as the one weapon for the preservation of integrity, else breath were not worth the breathing, and hence to be regarded with respect and used with discretion†(966). This suggests strongly that without fire, Abner would feel completely powerless and out of control. Fire is the one thing in his life he can control, and use to kind of heal the wounds of his depressed ego. Furthermore, Fire to Snopes represents his powerlessness and his quest for power and self-expression. Snopes and Sarty’s relationship is not of a normal father-son relationship filled with love, respect, loyalty and admiration. From the beginning you can conclude that their relationship lacks all except the loyalty, which I feel Sarty has for his father only because of the fear of consequence for not obeying his fathers orders. During the scene at the De Spain mansion you really get a sense of who he is, because this is when you read his inner most thoughts. Interestingly, the first thing the mansion reminds him of is a courthouse (965). This suggests that Sarty has not only seen a real courthouse, but also that he has some positive feelings about the  legal  system, which his father is so adept at thwarting. The mansion gives Sarty a sense of peace and dignity (965). In Sartys experience the legal process of justice is messy and unfair and has little to do with peace and dignity. Sarty thinks the mansion will shield the de Spain barn from being burned. Not only that, but the sight of the mansion might even change his father so that he doesnt even want to burn barns anymore. That gets more to the heart of the matter. Sarty doesnt understand that the southern mansion was probably built on activities worse than barn burning, but he knows it wasnt built by living the way his father lives. Unlike anything hes ever seen, the mansion represents an extreme  alternative  to his fathers way of life. Sartys reaction paints him as naive. Even as he watches his deliberately father track horse poop on the de Spains white rug, destroying all that peace and dignity with one move, he holds out hope. Still, when Sarty sees his father treated with contempt by de Spain, he realizes that maybe there is more to the mansion than meets the eye. This growing awareness allows Sarty to sympathize with his father, at least for a time. The experience of living by the de Spains mansion is a positive experience, event though Sartys idealization of the mansion ultimately vanishes. It reminds him that there are many alternatives in between the two-room shack and the mansion, and gives him reason to hope. Though  Snopes  feels no remorse in what he does, society will eventually not stand for his blame game as justification for his barn burnings. Abner  Snopes’ son,  Sarty, is a firsthand witness to the next barn burning and is put in the role of societal judge. Sarty  is caught in a moral dilemma, pulled between the values of the community and his loyalty to his father. Rather than inherit the alienated condition of his father,  Sarty  chooses society, turning his father in to plantation owner Major De Spain. Sarty  realizes what  Abner  Snopes  does not: you can function at the edge of a society, defy a society and violate a community’s rules to a point because you feel you are a special case, specifically a victim, but you cannot escape responsibility forever. Society now will remove Snopes’ delusional, selfish, victim-seeking-revenge status and force him to face reality: he is a petty evil man who rejecting, but still working in society, must now face real laws and punishment for his â€Å"blame game† justified crimes.

Alcatraz essays

Alcatraz essays In western California, in San Fransisco Bay, Alcatraz rises 130 feet above the surface of the bay and is about 1755 feet long. The United States Depeartment of Justice used the island as a Military Prison from 1868 until 1933, when it became a federal prison for dangerous prisoners. The prison was closed in 1963. In 1972 Alcatraz became part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. The island has many natural features such as gardens, tide pools, and bird colonies. This year marks the 30th Anniversary of the occupation of the Alcatraz Island by Indians of all tribes. The name Alcataz derived from the spanish word Alcatraces. It was given to the island by a spanish explorer namedm Juan Manuel de Ayala. The name Alcatraz means pelican or strange bird. Well known prisoners that stayed in Alcatraz were Al Capone, George Machine-Gun Kelly, Alvin Karpis, and Arthur Doc Barker. At Alcatraz, a prisoner had 4 rights: food, clothing, shelter, and medical care. Everything else was a privilege and had to be earned. Privileges that had to be earned were: working, corresponding with and having visits from family members, access to the prison library, and recreational activities. Over the 29 years that the federal prison operated, 36 men, including 2 who tried to escape twice, were involved in 14 separate escape attempts. 23 were caught, 6 were shot and killed, and 2 drowned. No one ever succeeded in escaping from Alcatraz. Although, to this day, there are 5 prisoners listed as missing and presumed dead. The average population for the prison was between 260 and 275 prisoners. The prison never once reached its maximum capacity of 336. Some prisoners considered Alcatraz better than other Federal Prisons. After the prison closed, it was basically abandoned. Many ideas were brought up for the island. From 1909 through 1911, Alcatraz wa ...

Shah Jahan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Shah Jahan - Essay Example It is after emerging victorious in these battles that Shah got a new title, Shah Jahan which is translated to mean the ‘world’s king’ (Lefevre n.p.). Besides getting this title, Shah Jahan went on to rise in the military rank and was honoured as a prince. Later, Shah rebelled against his father Jahangir’s power proved too much, and Khurram was forced to submit to the administration. However, upon the death of Jahangir in 1627, Shah went on to succeed the Mughal, and was accorded more titles including ‘the Lord of Auspicious Conjunctions’’ (Cleveland & Burton, 44). Shah Jahan’s ascension to power did not mark the end of war; Bir Singh’s son called Jujhar Singh rebelled against Shah’s administration, but did not last long. Khan Jahan provided the other rebellion against Shah, but like Jujhar, Khan was killed at Fort Kalanjar (Begley, p.167) Shah Jahan’s achievements were not limited to the battlefield, but he built other structures including Taj Mahal. Classified among the Seven Wonders of the World, Taja Mahal was built by Shah Jahan as a way of commemorating his first wife, Mumtaz mahal whose demise occurred due to postpartum haemorrhage (Cleveland & Burton, 47). Even though Shah Jahan’s end was not as pleasant as his beginning, the achievements in his life are evident and tremendous (Lambourn, p.213). In 1657, Aurangzeb, Jahan’s son took advantage of his illness and took over power. He went on send his father into confinement until his death in 1666 (Dale, Begley &Desai,

Perception of Cultural Diversity and Leadership in Global Business Essay

Perception of Cultural Diversity and Leadership in Global Business Environment - Essay Example The desktop research based evidence is poor equipment for a modern manger of business. Our notions and assumption of other cultures gathered from easy armchair research may be the worst trap for a manager. However, the science of ethnography has given insights into patterns of behavior that are found in other cultures and a grounding in the ethnography of the social milieu in which a manager is going to apply the skills is a necessary preparation to function in the international context (Geertz, 1973). Captains of industry and business should undergo a process of empathetic inculterisation with the milieu of their functioning so that they will be in a position to interpret the raison d'etre of the reality in the alien culture. In the wake of globalization, with the increasing internationalization of business and the importance of the perception of cultural diversity for leaders, the academia has churned out a plethora of eminent studies in the field. A review of the literature releva nt to the present study is essential to gain a penetrating insight into the functional aspects of leadership in cultural diversity. Ever since Psychology became an independent branch of enquiry, motivation came under the microscope of scientists. However, the study of motivation in the cultural context is new, early theories form a good beginning. Alfred Adler postulated a theory of drive that motivates humans for action. He calls it striving for perfection (Adler 1926). This striving is expressed in a number of separate drives called the esteem drives. Though Adler's theories do not have the appeal of Freud's with it sex-centric formulations, or Jung's mythological dimensions, for studying motivation and leadership in business it serves as a solid foundation like that of Maslow's theories. . Adler's theory remained a matter of serious pursuit in scholarly circles in spite of its was less flamboyant than the sensational Freudian and Youngian assertions. Victor Frankl's (1963) finding in the dehumanizing conditions of the German concentration camp, which he experienced personally focuses on meaning as the prime source of motivation. Meaning is irrespective of environmental conditions. Frankl observed how people who had meaning endured better the worst atrocities inflicted on them. He puts his theory of human motivation in the borrowed phrase from Nietzsche, if you have a why you almost have a how. The therapy that he derived from his theory he called Logotherapy, which is providing meaning for one's existence. Perception of Diversity as a Management Tool A number of pivotal studies on cultural aspect of motivation and leadership in international business environment has unearthed the areas of trouble and has given a road map to success. Hofstede (1980) has done pioneering work in this area. He has based his theories on the factors that motivate western societies and applied them to international cultural contexts. He finds that loose societies or individualistic societies give lot more priorities to social recognition, self interest and egoism and gives more importance for personal achievement and expects some form of reward. While other cultures are happy to achieve success collectively as the members of the social group.For successful leadership performance, Hofested argues, the

Samurais Values In The Tale Of Genji English Literature Essay

Samurais Values In The Tale Of Genji English Literature Essay The Tale of Genji is one of the greatest works in Japanese and world literature. It was created at the turn of X-XI centuries, in the era of rapid formation and flowering of Japanese culture.  Its author was a lady, known as Murasaki Shikibu. This books tells about the life of that period in Japan, having some historical incidents, including the life and traditions of samurai. It tells about the life of  Genji, a son of the  Japanese emperor, also known as Hikaru Genji. The tale concentrates on his romantic life and describes the customs of the aristocratic society of the time. Genjis was a well known man, respected and honorable, and also a good looking. His most important personality trait is the loyalty, the trait he shows to all the women in his life. Once Genji found a house on Gojo, over the roof of which he saw a green vine, with beautiful white flowers called yugao the twilight beauty. Soon Genji got acquainted with the lady of the house, they fell in love with each other, and he visited her every night. However, their happiness did not last long, as an evil spirit possessed Yugao and she suddenly died. Genji was so upset, he blamed himself for the death of his love. There is no telling how depressed and disappointed he was!. ( Puette, William J, 78) At the same time he kept everything in a secret, not to let anybody know what had happened, as it was a question of his reputation. With the help of Koremitsu, his confident, Yugaos funeral was held secretly, but with all due respect. One evening, one of Yugaos servant ladies Ukon told Genji who her mistress really was. Although she had blue blood in her veins, Yugao lost her parents when she was little. So shy and humble was Yugao that she would hide everything behind her sorrowful smiles. But her memories would never perish from Genjis heart. It is important to point out, that the main character was a samurai, so he had certain values. An outlook of Samurai Bushido is the unwritten code of conduct of Samurai in the society, it is a set of rules and norms of the true ideal of a warrior. Bushido means the way of the samurai, the warrior, in addition the word is also translated as duty, morality. Thus, bushido is samurai morality, virtue, moral and ethical code. Bushido is a practical morality, samurai believed it is method of improving mental and physical health.   Bushido was designed to teach proper life in feudal Japanese society.  It combined  a theory of existence and the study of the human psyche, and solved issues related to the notion of the essence of the individual, its role in the world,   meaning of life, good and evil, moral values and moral ideal. Samurai was keenly aware  of their moral duty, in particular their personal responsibilities in relation to overlord, had to assess their own actions and deeds,  morally condemn themselves if misconduct, breach of duty.( Puette, William J, 145) The main value of samurai, first of all, was loyalty to overlord, expressed in service to overlord, to be of service is to put another above yourself. Loyalty is faithfulness or a devotion to a person or cause. It relied the provisions of loyalty, drawn from Shinto, Buddhist belief in impermanence of all earthly things, which strengthened from a samurai spirit of sacrifice and do not fear death, and philosophy of Confucianism, which made loyalty of the first virtue. Near loyalty was the principle of duty. (Shirane, 45) One of the key value of Samurai was personal courage, unbending courage. True courage is to live, when lawfully to live, and die when lawfully to die. Samurai should go to the death with a clear consciousness of what to do and that is not worth his dignity. The sense of honor is also very important. The consciousness of self-esteem is brought up in Samurai from childhood.  Warriors strictly guarded their good name, a sense of shame was for the samurai hardest.  We can see at in the book, while Genji always behaved with sense of honor, he said : I should weigh every word and always ask myself, is it true that Im going to say. Also Genji was polite with women, he showed his good attitude and manners to all the women in his life, as he never abandoned any of them.  He had  the true goodness of the mind and spirit, the unbiased kindness to do good. Honor and glory valued higher than life for samurai, . In all his actions samurai was supposed to come from considerations of the higher justice and fairness. A true samurai had only one judge of his honor himself, as you cannot hide from yourself. It is important to point out such value as the Wisdom of Honesty, as honesty is the human quality of communicating and acting truthfully, related to truth as a value, and Genji tried to be honest, and first of all with himself. So The Tale of Genji is one of the greatest works in Japanese literature, as it truly depicts life and traditions of samurai in that time. The tale of Genji shows socio-philosophical traditions of the society, it is devoted to samurai tradition, existed for thousands of years.  Those looking fierce and tough warriors, ready at any time to resort to his sharp shiny swords, were stern and ascetic life, full of inner discipline and poetry. Their whole life comes down to, to die with dignity, while maintaining their honor. Their world is based on honor, generosity, service, courage, sacrifice and a highly developed culture. Love theme is reflected very touching in the book, and sad heartfelt poetry with oriental motifs emphasizes the dramatic, romantic atmosphere and a samurai love theme of the book. Feel the deep meaning, a philosophy, and enjoy the overall beauty of the book, and also learn a lot from the eastern people patience, generosity, diligence, discipline, ability to appreciate every moment of life lived Work cited: Puette, William J.  Guide to the Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu. Rutland, (1983) Shirane, Haruo.  Envisioning the Tale of Genji: Media, Gender, and Cultural Production. New York: Columbia University Press(2008) Morris, Ivan.  The World of the Shining Prince. New York, 1994. Mostow, Joshua S. Picturing   The Tale of Genji.  The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese.  April 1999. (1-25)

The Concept of Space in Architecture

A infinite is a physical description of a piece of land, whereas a topographic point connotes an emotional fond regard to the piece of land. [ 1 ] A Topographic point is a peculiar part of infinite, whether of definite or indefinite extent. [ 2 ] It is a â€Å"tangible† construct, intending that we can see the milieus, it is similar to the definition of location, for illustration, and our place is a topographic point where it is surrounded by walls and is sheltered. It is contained within a infinite, normally bounded by boundaries. A Space is an limitless 3-dimensional sweep in which all stuff objects are located. [ 3 ] However, we are able to restrict the infinite into a topographic point by specifying and curtailing the sweep harmonizing to how large we want it to be. Figure 1: A topographic point or a infinite is based on one’s judgement. An impersonal infinite is an anon. part which is non peculiarly related to a individual. To transform an impersonal topographic point into a private topographic point, we can put our personal properties in that peculiar dimension, which is sufficient for a individual to be able to roll and travel approximately and to transport out daily activities. An impersonal infinite like a schoolroom in a school can be divided into student’s ain personal zones. For illustration, each student’s country is defined by the schoolroom desk where they are able to put their ain bag, books and letter paper. This is how the pupils are able to specify that country as their ain district. Place-making is a people-centred attack to the planning, design and direction of a infinite to a public topographic point. Put merely, it involves looking at, listening to, and inquiring inquiries to the people who live, work and play in a peculiar topographic point, to detect demands and aspirations. [ 4 ] To make a common country, it should be able to suit to the different demands of the assorted age groups of the occupants populating in that country. For case, if the vicinity has a big per centum of aged residents, the shared infinites created will be more inclined towards installations that are senior-friendly. Most likely, there will be more nursing places, clinics and aerobic exercises corner for the aged. Because of the being of such installations, people gather and therefore a community infinite is created. In this instance, the resort areas and the exercise corners are the material objects in a infinite, hence specifying a topographic point. Centripetal experiences become integrated through the organic structure, or instead, in the very fundamental law of the organic structure and the human manner of being. Our organic structures and motions are in changeless interaction with the environment. [ 5 ] To at least some extent every topographic point can be remembered, partially because it is alone, but partially because it has affected our organic structures and generated adequate associations to keep it in our personal universes. [ 6 ] To counter place-less-ness in transient locales, interaction with the locale must affect all centripetal experiences which includes sense of sight, hearing, touch, gustatory sensation and odor. In a impermanent locale like a hotel, prosecuting our sense of sight would intend that what we see in a hotel flat is replicative of what we have in our ain places. The material objects that made up a hotel room will include a bed, a tabular array lamp and so on, which is what we outline as a topographic point we call â€Å"bedroom† . All these are familiar happenings which we experience back in the comfort of our places. However, our sense of sight is non a stand-alone experience, it has to be interconnected and reaffirmed with our other senses. Giving an illustration of a boiling boiler of H2O, we require our sense of sight to witness that there’s steam and besides our sense of hearing when the boiler whistlings. Figure 2: Our sense of sight is non a stand-alone experience, it has to be interconnected and reaffirmed with our other senses. In a somewhat larger context, Singapore is a infinite, with the assorted estates and parts stand foring the several alone topographic points. Typically, the substructure, comfortss and edifices distinguish the features of a topographic point. The estates and parts which we termed â€Å"Place† is made up of several stuff objects which is specific to that part. In Central Business District ( CBD ) , the stuff objects are skyscrapers, high category hotels, eating houses, and branded shopping mercantile establishments. In lodging estates, the proviso stores, java stores and the high rise Housing Development Board ( HDB ) flats will represent as the stuff objects. Interior design can be applied to counter the consequence of place-less-ness. â€Å"Interior† here means within Singapore. Residents of Singapore can distinguish a CBD country from a lodging estate by utilizing their centripetal experiences. As described above, the sense of sight could be applied here when the resi dents look at the environing substructures. To utilize their sense of hearing would be to listen out for the clattering of pots and pans in the java stores, or the â€Å"clocking† sounds of the heels of office ladies in CBD countries. In a planetary scene, Singapore is surrounded by Waterss, whereas in land locked states in the Southeast Asia Region, like Laos, there are distinguishable milieus that identify the topographic point. Here, â€Å"interior† would curtail the treatment to within Southeast Asia. In a bunco and bustle metropolis like Singapore, high rise edifices makes up its landscape. On the contrary, cragged verdure makes up the landscape of Laos. Making usage of our sense of hearing and odor will assist us to undertake the job of place-less-ness. Forestations, mountains and natural flora constitute the scenery of Laos, so the sound of crickets naming, the odor of forenoon dew and the moist wood litter will be what is alone about it. Air polluted with the intolerable odor fumes exhausts, noisy honking of the vehicles on the crowded freeway will be distinguishable to Singapore. To hold a â€Å"sense of belonging† would connote that person is emotionally attached to a peculiar topographic point, normally a location where 1 is familiar with. It is a topographic point where the individual feels homely, comfy and safe. To a Singaporean, he or she might experience that they are at place when they see skyscrapers and high rise edifices. When remaining in a hotel, the atmosphere resembles what a individual has at place, and so they feel as if they are remaining in their ain low residence. Wraping up, a topographic point is a subset of a infinite, and a infinite can be transformed into a topographic point by finding the stuff objects within it. Centripetal experiences are used to interact with our milieus, such that it creates a sense of acquaintance ensuing in the emotional feeling of a sense of belonging. Figure 3: High rise edifices are a familiar sight in Singapore. Mentions Placemaking Committee, 2008.11 rules of placemaking – Placemaking Chicago[ online ] . New York, Project for Public Spaces. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.placemakingchicago.com/about/principles.asp [ Accessed 25 May 2014 ] Placemaking Committee, 2008.What is placemaking? – Placemaking Chicago[ online ] . New York, Project for Public Spaces. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //placemakingchicago.com/about/ [ Accessed 25 May 2014 ] Dictionary.com, 2014. Place | Define Place at Dictionary.com [ online ] . IAC Corporation. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //dictionary.reference.com/browse/place? s=ts [ Accessed 25 May 2014 ] Dictionary.com, 2014. Space | Define Space at Dictionary.com [ online ] . IAC Corporation. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //dictionary.reference.com/browse/space? s=t [ Accessed 25 May 2014 ] Pallasmaa, Juhaini. The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses, John Wiley & A ; Sons, erectile dysfunction. 2005. List of Images Figure 1: Bettina Deda, 2013.A topographic point or a infinite is based on one’s judgement.[ online ] Australia, Bettina Deda Colour Design. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bdcolourdesign.net.au/3-proven-steps-to-start-a-room-makeover/ Fig. [ Accessed 26 May 2014 ] Figure 2: Chris Swithinbank, 2012.Our sense of sight is non a stand-alone experience, it has to be interconnected and reaffirmed with our other senses.[ online ] US, Chrisswithinbank. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chrisswithinbank.net/2012/08/the-incredulity-of-st-thomas-at-harvard/ Fig. [ Accessed 26 May 2014 ] Figure 3: Universes in Universe. High rise edifices are a familiar sight in Singapore. Singapore, Universes in Universe. hypertext transfer protocol: //universes-in-universe.de/car/singapore/eng/ort/financial-district/img-02.htm Fig. [ Accessed 26 May 2014 ]

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory In The 21st Century Essay

Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory is often regarded as the most comprehensive personality theory and the first in its area of study to theorise human behaviour but through the ages Freud has raised numerous debates on whether his theory of human behaviour has been more controversial or influential. In this essay, I will argue that the Psychoanalytical Theory made a significant contribution to the field of psychology by critically evaluating how Freudian ideas influenced subsequent theorists. Furthermore I will discuss its relevance in the 21st century whilst not neglecting to highlight the reasons why Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory is criticised as a personality theory. In the Psychoanalytic Theory, Freud structured the personality into three levels of consciousness, namely the conscious, preconscious and the unconscious. Amongst these three Freud is commonly known for â€Å"discovering† the unconscious and it became the core element to Freud’s theory. Freud further defined the structural elements of the psyche (the id, the ego and the superego) (Meyer, Moore & Viljoen, 2008:52). These components of Freud’s theory remain important since they are still to some extent used to explain how the human psyche functions. It is evident that Freudian ideas of the unconscious laid the foundation for future personality theorists such as Carl Jung who’s Analytical Theory too focused on the unconscious mind (Meyer, et al., 2008:95). Another personality theorist Freud influenced is Erik Erikson who was an Ego Psychologist. Psychologists in this area of study elaborated on the ego which was originally theorised by Freud. Erikson’s theory is regarded as one of the most useful psychological theories and several concepts formulated by him such as psychosocial development, ego strength and identity crisis are part of our everyday vocabulary today (Meyer, et al., 2008:95). It is clear in my above examples that Freud did influence subsequent theorists whose theories are still relevant in the field of psychology today. Certain concepts of Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory are still relevant in the 21st century such as dream analysis, free association and defence mechanisms. These psychotherapy techniques are being used and expanded upon in modern day clinical psychology. According to Hurd (n.d.), Freud is the most popular dream theorist known today, and his ideas are still drawing water a century after he wrote his magnum opus: The Interpretation of Dreams. Freud stated that dreams are a result of our repressed desires and that they have more meaning  to them than we acknowledge. He believed that dreams were the portal to our unconscious and that through analysing a person’s dreams a therapist could effectively treat the patient’s illness. With Freudian thoughts on dreams in mind, several current neuroscientists are uncovering the possibility that dreams play a role in childhood learning (Hurd, n.d.). Furthermore, Freud’s relevance in the 21st century is that his concept of defence mechanisms is still seen in other theories of psychology today. This is supported by Cramer (2000) which states that developmental, personality and social psychologists have all found evidence for defence mechanisms. Freud saw defence mechanisms as a strategy with which a person could deal with their anxiety and unfulfilled desires. Some of the most common defence mechanisms which have integrated themselves into every day speech are terms such as regression, sublimation, denial and projection. Through the ages we have absorbed more of Freudian idea than we thought, but it is impossible to avoid Freud’s shortcomings. The most controversial aspect of his theory is based on the fact that he placed emphasise on the sex drive being the primary motivating source for human behaviour. Freud focused too exclusively on sexuality and not enough on interpersonal and social conditions. He was also criticised for his view on female development with regard to the Electra complex in the phallic stage. Furthermore the Psychoanalytic Theory was criticised since it was seen as vaguely defined and lacked any empirical research. In conclusion, despite his shortcomings Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory has made an important contribution to the field of psychology through being a catalyst to the thoughts of subsequent theorists. Freud’s most valuable contribution to society is his theory of the unconscious mind which is still being expanded on today. Furthermore his contribution to modern day clinical psychology psychotherapy approaches cannot be ignored. A testament to the validity of Freud’s theory is that it is even today being debated many years after his death and the debate is not close to being concluded. Therefore he is relevant in the 21st century since his ideas have percolated through generations and subsequent personality theories. References: Beystehner, K.M. (n.d.). Psychoanalysis: Freud’s Revolutionary Approach to Human Personality. Retrieved from http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/beystehner.html Cramer, P. (2000). Defence mechanisms in psychology today. Further processes for adaptation. American Psychologist, 55(6):637-46 DOI: 10.1037//0003-066X.55.6.637 Hurd, R. (n.d.). Contemporary Dream Theories Starting with Freud. Retrieved from http://dreamstudies.org/2009/11/19/freudian-dream-theory-explained/ McLeod, S. A. (2011). Bandura – Social Learning Theory. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html Meyer, W.F., Moore, C., &Viljoen, H, G. (2011). Personology: From the individual to ecosystem. Sandton: Heineman Publishers.