Capital Punishment Essay - The Fatal State of the Death-Penalty System

The Fatal State of the Death-Penalty System In 1997, the state of Florida botched Pedro Medinas execution. When the switch was flipped on the 50-year-old electric chair, nicknamed Old Sparky, the mask c all overing Medinas face caught on fire. Flames up to a foot long shot of his face for 6-10 seconds. A thick, black smoke filled the room, and the prison guards closed the curtain, hiding the rest of the mull over from the shocked witnesses. Bob Butterworth, then Floridas attorney general, said that Medinas agonizing death would be a deterrent to crime. People who want to commit murder, he said, break down not do so in Florida because we may have a problem with our electric chair. Such cases be bidly to horrify death punishment proponents and foes alike. (After another botched execution in 1999, this time with the new electric chair, Florida gave inmates the option of lethal injection or the chair). What is even more abominable than these put right instances of cruel and unusua l punishment, however, is the mounting evidence that many people being convicted of murder, sent to death course of study, and probably even executed in the United States are simply not guilty. The only way to reasonably evaluate the system without running the risk of executing more innocents in the process is for Congress to bribe an immediate national moratorium on executions. On Jan 31, 2000, Governor George Ryan (R-IL), a death-penalty proponent, announced a moratorium on executions in his state until the system is investigated. Governor Ryan had more than capable grounds to say that Illinoiss criminal-justice system is fraught with error Since 1977, when Illinois reinstated the death penalty (following a 1976 Supreme-Court ruling allowing states to do ... ...s-16,000 of them, dating back five years. While rapists fag be feed from prison if DNA evidence clears them, executions are irrevocable. Given the problems in state and national DNA databanks, it is crucial that those on death row get more time to explore any evidence that could exonerate them. Governor George W. Bush of Texas (where 463 people are on death row) maintains that he is authorized that every person of the over 100 who have been executed during his tenure is guilty. The fact that Texas has no public-defender system and that Bush has spent much time over the past year campaigning outside the state has not made a dent in Bushs certainty. For those who, regardless of their stance on the death penalty, would like to take the time to examine the evidence and aim for a higher standard, state and national moratoriums are presently the best course of action.

Seasonal Affective Disorder :: essays research papers

Seasonal Affective indisposition Lighting the WayPamela Johnson"Whoever wishes to give chase the science of medicine in a direct manner must first investigate the seasons of the division and what occurs in them." Hippocrates (6)Introduction As the shortest day of the year approaches, more and more multi-colored lights and bright, festive decorations are splashed across houses and yards everywhere. Long ago, in more earthy times, good deal celebrated the solstice because it was the rebirth of the sun, when days began to extend and light began to return. As our ancient ancestors probably realized, their celebrations helped to keep spirits up when times were dark and cold, just as our modern holiday light displays mould as a way to ward off the wintertime blues. (1) However, not everybody can shake the sadness that comes at this time of year, usually because they are pain from a type of clinical printing called Seasonal Affective Disorder ( disconsolate). When a person has SAD, he or she regularly experiences depression in the winter months that then subsides in the spring and summer months. Although first identified around 1845, this mood disorder was not officially classified until 1984 when psychiatrist Norman E. Rosenthal, M.D., began to deliberate cases of depression that seemed to occur during the winter only. (2) After an article was published in The Washington Post about his research, Rosenthal received a nationwide response from thousands of people who experienced the same symptoms he had observed in his patients. (3). After further research he compiled his studies in Winter Blues Seasonal Affective Disorder What It Is and How to Overcome It, which he recently revised, updated, and rereleased in October 1998. Causes Although the cause of this disorder is attributed to the lack of exposure to sunlight, it has not yet been determined whether a persons susceptibility to it is genetic or stress-related or both. Dr. Rosenthal finds the cause s of SAD to be "a combination of factors including shortened daylight, stress and genetic vulnerability." (4). By means of his research, he calculated that some kind of depression is experienced by at least 14 percent of the population due to the decrease of exposure to sunlight in the winter. Many scientists feel SAD is "a product of modern society that confines us indoors," with stress levels easily increased by a work environment in which virtuoso hardly ever sees the sun. (4). Also,

The Trial And Death of Joan of Arc :: St Joan of Arcs Heresy Trial and Death

On May 16, 1920, Pope Benedict XV conducted a ceremony at St. Peters Basilica in Rome to canonize Joan of Arc, often referred to as the Maid of Orleans. This ceremony was the final step in a process that was begun in 1849 by the Bishop of Orleans, Felix Dupanloup, over four hundred years after St. Joans was tried, convicted and executed in the name of the Church. A study of her heroic deeds and an intensive review of her life, virtues and the trial transcripts that condemned her to be burn at the stake, resulted first in her beatification in 1909, and finally her canonization 11 years later in 1920 (Pernoud 245). Amazingly, cardinal years after that, the char who had been condemned, put to death, and then canonized as a saint by the Catholic Church, was declared the patroness of France (McBride 82).Jeanne dArc was born around January 6, 1412, in the village of Domremy in France (Thurston). At the time of her birth, France and England had been engaged in the longest war in history , which has come to be known as the Hundred Years War. These two countries were fighting over whose right it was to rule. The English had occupied much of northern France, and the primary issue became the survival of France as an independent state rather than as part of an Anglo-French empire ruled by the English monarchy. The French were determined to drive the English out and crown Charles VII as their ability (Reither 227-229). Joan was a simple peasant girl who was raised in a Catholic home as the youngest of five children (Thurston). Her mother was very religious and had a giant influence on Joans life. Joan never learned to read or write, but was skilled in spinning and sewing. She was also always very strong and florid (Michelet 8). At the age of thirteen, Joan began to have holy visions and hear the voices of saints she identified as St. Margaret, St. Catherine, and St. Michael (Thurston). Her voices convinced her to vow to remain a virgin (Lucie-Smith). When Joan was sev enteen years old, the voices revealed her comprehend mission. Joan was told that she had been chosen to lead the French army into battle against the English, to drive them from French soil. The voices instructed her to go to see Robert Baudricourt, the Captain of Vaucouleurs, who would arrange for her to be taken to see the king (Michelet 12).

Abortion :: essays research papers

Abortion is an extremely complex and highly debated public issue that has consumed much of the American social and political arena in the late 20th century. People on both sides of the debate present strong arguments that establish valid points. Society clearly states that child abuse and the murder of ones child is illegal, but does allow abortion. Regardless of whether it is right or wrong, the fine line that exists between abortion and murder will be discussed and debated for decades to come.     In Judith Thomsons article, "A Defense of Abortion," she argues that abortion can be morally justified in some instances, but not all cases. Clearly, in her article, Thomson argues, "while I do argue that abortion is not impermissible, I do not argue that is always permissible" (163). Thomson feels that when a woman has been impregnated due to rape, and when a maternalism threatens the life of a mother, abortion is morally justifiable. In order to he lp readers understand some of the moral dilemmas raised by abortion, Thomson creates numerous stories that possess some(prenominal) of the same problems.     Thomson begins her argument by questioning the validity of the argument proposed by anti-abortion activists. Thomson explains that "most opposition to abortion relies on the premise that the fetus is a kind being.from the moment of conception" (153). Thomson thinks this is a premise that is strongly argued for, although she also feels it is argued for "not well" (153). According to Thomson, anti-abortion proponents argue that fetuses are persons, and since all persons have a right to life, fetuses also posses a right to life. Regardless, Thomson argues that one can grant that the fetus is a person from the moment of conception, with a right to life, and still ascend that abortion can be morally justified. In order to prove this argument Thomson proposes the example of "the sick violini st."     According to this story, Thomson explains, imagine that one morning you force out up and find yourself in bed surgically attached to a famous unconscious violinist. The violinist has a fatal kidney ailment, and your blood type is the sole(prenominal) kind that matches that of the violinist. You have been kidnapped by music lovers and surgically attached to the violinist. If you remove yourself from the violinist, he will die, but the good news is that he only requires gild months to recover. Obviously, Thomson is attempting to create a situation that parallels a woman who has unintentionally become pregnant from a situation such as rape.

Johne Donnes the Flea Essay -- John Donne

The Flea John Donne observes a typical bar, every Saturday night sweat drenched bodies emitting alcoholic drink and pheromones from every pore, exchange conversation, pleasantries, and yes even sex (perhaps not directly in view but certainly eluded to). Is this animalistic, barbaric behavior acceptable? Should sex be taken so lightheartedly? Or do we take it too seriously, guarding sex like it was the Holy Grail, or the secret to life itself? These questions may be to profoundly and pointed for almost to approach, yet John Donne in his poem The Flea wades through them like the kiddy pool. In this clever poem Donne practises a flea, blood, and the murder of the flea as an analogy for the oldest most primal exchange, sex. Donne, through symbolic images, not only questions the validity of coveting virginity but also the importance of sex as it pertains to life. The metaphors in The Flea are plentiful, but the symbols tell throughout the poem are clear, beginning with the most preva lent, and the flea. This small parasitic creature is chalk full of symbolic meaning. During the time this poem was written (the Renaissance) the flea was use in many poems about sex. I derive that in this particular poem the flea is symbolic of the act of sex from the speakers remark in the beginning, Mark but this flea, and mark in this, how little that which deniest me is the flea is small and inconsequential, his lady denies him sex, which the speaker believes is also petty. The flea is described as a marriage temple and a carrier of life, but in the next stanza as something insignificant and small. The speaker applies a certain duality to the flea and therefore to sex. The metaphor develops more as it relates to the another(prenominal) symbols. Blood is employ more than once a... ...e feminine population. In this poem the speaker does not seem to be very respectful of the female he is pursuing. Of course that is conducive to the time but it also says something about the valid ity of the message of the poem. In synopsis the flea, blood and death of the flea are all used as metaphors for sex, the exchange of life force (a very important thing) within the act of sex (represented as something as insignificant as a flea) and and then orgasm, which can feel important and significant for a period of time but is really only as important as the death of a flea. The speaker in this poem hopes to convince his lady to sleep with him by trivializing sex and comparing it to something as insignificant as a flea. Meanwhile I say lady, screw the speaker and the flea you would get more of a commitment from a machine than a guy as afraid of human intercommunicate as this one.

Dell Computer Sustainability Performance Metrics Essays -- Business, S

dingle Computer Sustainability Performance MetricsDell Computer Corporation is the worlds largest supplier of personal computers (Fleming, 2006). Dells goal is to be the greenest technology company on the planet (Ball, 2008, p. 1). Hence, Dell, like many corporations today, establish sustainability initiatives to persuade regulators, stakeholders, and consumers of their commitment to protect fraternity and the environment. However, companies must(prenominal) support these claims with tangible performance metrics. Thus, some of the processes, programs, and reports Dell using to identify and measure performance is examined.Performance MeasuresDell Computer Corporation believes stakeholders must be given long term value by ensuring the company commits to and integrates economic, social, and environmental sustainability into its business practices (Litten, 2005). Hence, Dells commitment to this goal is evidenced by becoming a Ceres company (Fleming, 2006). Ceres is a national c oalition of investors, environmental groups, and public welfargon organizations assisting companies with sustainability efforts. Thus, Dell was lauded for being the first in the computer industry to partner with Ceres (Fleming, 2006). Moreover, companies involved with Ceres must agree to the following terms discuss sustainability issues with shareholders and stakeholders, release sustainability reports to the public, and commit to continuously reform sustainability efforts (Fleming, 2006). Thus, an assumption can be made based on Dells definition of sustainability and its Ceres affiliation that industry standards, sustainability performance, and shareholder reaction are key performance drivers. Consequently, aspects of this assumption are found in Del... ...ould be measured or what constitutes a footprint (Ball, 2008). Consequently, Dell is no different than opposite corporations attempting to calculate emissions on their own terms.ConclusionThe relevance of sustainability is clear. Regulators, stakeholders, and consumers expect corporations to account for the impact their business practices have on society and the environment. Hence, corporations must not save promise to act they must also provide realistic, tangible performance metrics that magnify their level of commitment. While this is a challenge all corporations type Dell has embraced the challenge. Dells sustainability performance is measured, monitored, tracked, and made public through its annual sustainability reports. Inasmuch as sustainability is continuous more work needs to be done. However, Dells overall scorecard is impressive.

Dell Computer Sustainability Performance Metrics Essays -- Business, S

dell Computer Sustainability Performance MetricsDell Computer Corporation is the worlds largest supplier of personal computers (Fleming, 2006). Dells goal is to be the greenest technology company on the planet (Ball, 2008, p. 1). Hence, Dell, like many corporations today, establish sustainability initiatives to persuade regulators, stakeholders, and consumers of their commitment to protect society and the environment. However, companies must concur these claims with tangible cognitive operation metrics. Thus, some of the processes, programs, and reports Dell using to identify and measure performance is examined.Performance MeasuresDell Computer Corporation believes stakeholders must be prone long term value by ensuring the company commits to and integrates economic, social, and environmental sustainability into its business pr act asices (Litten, 2005). Hence, Dells commitment to this goal is evidenced by becoming a Ceres company (Fleming, 2006). Ceres is a national coaliti on of investors, environmental groups, and public welfare organizations assisting companies with sustainability efforts. Thus, Dell was lauded for being the first in the computer application to partner with Ceres (Fleming, 2006). Moreover, companies involved with Ceres must agree to the following terms discuss sustainability issues with shareholders and stakeholders, release sustainability reports to the public, and commit to continuously improve sustainability efforts (Fleming, 2006). Thus, an assumption flush toilet be made based on Dells definition of sustainability and its Ceres affiliation that industry standards, sustainability performance, and shareholder reaction are key performance drivers. Consequently, aspects of this assumption are found in Del... ...ould be measured or what constitutes a footprint (Ball, 2008). Consequently, Dell is no different than other corporations attempting to calculate emissions on their own terms.ConclusionThe relevance of sustainabilit y is clear. Regulators, stakeholders, and consumers expect corporations to account for the impact their business practices have on society and the environment. Hence, corporations must not only promise to act they must also provide realistic, tangible performance metrics that magnify their level of commitment. While this is a challenge all corporations face Dell has embraced the challenge. Dells sustainability performance is measured, monitored, tracked, and made public through its annual sustainability reports. Inasmuch as sustainability is continuous more work needs to be done. However, Dells general scorecard is impressive.

The Marketing of Art

The Marketing of Art P artistic production 1 Target Market and Competition When determining a target marketplace a marketer must first research their product and the consumers who purchase the product, then decide what typeface of consumer would the marketer prefer to attract to the product they atomic number 18 market (Guille, n. d. ). The product that was chosen for this class was Art. To determine our particular target market we must get to know our product. Britannica Encyclopedia defines art as, the use of expertness and imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments, or experiences that can be sh ard with others (Britannica Online, 2011).Choosing a target market in which to promote our product is quite a difficult task since art is not a commodity that is norm in ally regulated. Although the demographics of individuals who buy art are categorized into five types Collector this type buys art simply for the love of the piece that is purchased. Investor thi s type buys art in hopes of earning a profit. Decorator this type uses art as a way to subscribe to and empty space. Believer this individual believes that the particular piece that is purchased has a significant meaning or story attached to it and buys art just for the love of art. bullion burner this type is an individual who buys art for a status symbol or because they can afford to do so. To find our target market we will patronage the framework of art. Art is usually placed in a particular space for a long period of time and the purchaser will virtually probably own the home that the artwork is located in (Genn, 2004). Art is not a cheap investment, in 2009 while the Lehman Brothers was declaring bankruptcy, Sothebys made $200 million in London at an art auction sale, so our target market would have to be able to afford the pieces. similarly to determine your target market a marketer needs to understand why a consumer purchases products or dish ups. A consumer purchas es a product or service for three main reasons to satisfy a need, to solve a problem, or to make themselves feel good. The marketer must know the demographics of their area. In Tucson, Arizona the largest art purchasers are over the age of 50, the demographics of Tucson show that the 50+ populations makes up 22. 1% of the total population. Americans over the age of 50 own more than(prenominal) homes and enjoy more then $900 billion in income as compared to the younger populations (U. S.Census Bureau, 2011). According to Business Week Magazine the 50+ generation or more likely to buy online products and 42% over the age of 65 have made online purchases. The senior generation is the most overlooked target market in the advertize sector, even though 41% of them purchase more products then any other target market category (Kaiser, n. d. ). The next step in marketing is to identify your competitors, and currently there are nine top art houses that operate online as well as internation al (ArtBusiness. com, n. d. ). Sothebys and Christies are among the most well known in the art world.The main advantage that these art houses have over James Art Showroom is the design. sight recognize and trust these dealers since they have been in avocation for a long time and have a great reputation. Christies is still a in private owned company and therefore the financial information is unavailable. However, many art brokers have projected that 2011 will be a profitable year for the auction house. Sothebys is a publicly traded company and their financial information is available on their website for potential investors to read.In 2009 Sothebys show revenue of $484,958 and in 2010 of $774,309, this is an increase of 59. 7% (Sothebys, 2011). The expected revenue projections have Sothebys increasing the profit margin by at least 32. 7% in 2011 curio of the year calculations. For James Art Showroom to exceed the consumer expectations, the company due to the fact that it is small er it will be able to provide a more personal art buying experience as well as provide a break for upcoming artist to acquire a name for himself or herself within the Art world.Part 2 Integrated Marketing Communication Plan The integrated marketing communication plan is a confederacy of all the companys plans and goals combined into one format. The integrated marketing communications plan should contain the same theme throughout, such as if the business plans on producing an advertising theme then the theme should be the same for the website and any print advertisements. This is done as a way for your customers to link all the graphics and messages to the company in which you are marketing (ArtBusiness, n. . ). There are five major components in an integrated marketing communications plan weathervane site Advertising Marketing collateral Online marketing Trade shows/ Auctions The web site that was created for the promotion of James Art Showroom was simple exactly professional. I t include contact information and links to Facebook and Twitter. The web site also gave information about the company and the reason the company was created. For advertising, the company would choose direct mailings to schools that are designated for artists.The company would also host regular fundraising events to introduce the local community to the artist that reside in the area. The company was started as a way to serve unknown artist and art buyers connect, the company although hopes to earn a profit in the future was not started as a money generating business but merely as a vessel to help people who love creating art meet those who love purchasing and owning art. The message that the company would like to supplicate is a symbol of bringing individuals with common interest together.The online marketing plan is simply to get the message to the target market that the company exists. This can be done through the use of social media and e-mail list. The final step in creating an integrated marketing communication plan is to allow my customers a chance to participate in art auctions throughout the world by using my website as a connection. By working with the major auction houses, such as Sothebys my artist may be able to have some of their work viewed or even purchased by art dealers on the international level. propagation ArtBusiness. com. (n. d. ). Domestic and International Art Market Sales Statistics. Retrieved on November 6, 2011, from http//www. artbusiness. com/marketdata. html Britannica Online. (2011). Retrieved on October 4, 2011, from http//www. britannica. com Genn, Robert. (2004). Art Buyers. Retrieved on October 23, 2011, from http//www. painterskeys. com/clickbacks/art-buyers. asp Guille, Marilyn. (n. d. ). How To Find And Sell To Your Target Market. Retrieved on October 23, 2011, from http//sbinfocanada. bout. com/cs/marketing/a/targetmarket. htm Kaiser, Frank. (n. d. ). Secrets Of Successfully Advertising To Seniors. Retrieved on October 2 3, 2011, from http//www. suddenlysenior. com/howtoadvertiseseniors. html Sothebys. (2011). Web site. Retrieved on November 6, 2011, from http//investor. shareholder. com/bid/index. cfm U. S. Census Bureau. (2011). Home page. Retrieved on November 6, 2011, from http//factfinder2. census. gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults. xhtml

Rhetoric Is Used in the Play Julius Caesar

Ms. Waldo English 2 May 19, 2011 Rhetoric is used in the run Julius Caesar in many occasions. What is rhetoric? Rhetoric is being comwork forcesurate to persuade some ace for your own good. This is used when Cassius persuades Brutus to give way the conspiracy, Brutuss speech to the plebeians, and Antonys speech to the plebeians. All these characters were masters of ethos, pathos, and logos, which are different ways of persuasion. severally person uses different ones in the play. The conspirators would no have stood a chance of killing Caesar without Brutus on there side. All thanks to Cassius Brutus joined.It wasnt all that prospering for Cassius to make Brutus join. In the first place Brutus did not like the idea of killing Caesar. Cassius had a hard job to do. One way Cassius approached this was by genteelness Brutus up, A quote from the play was I know that virtue to be in you, Brutus, as I do know your outward favor (Shakespeare 892) this was construction up Brutuss confid ence. This applies to ethos Cassius is playing with Brutuss emotion. The last way Cassius persuaded Brutus was writing letters to him. These letters were supposable written from other people saying that Brutus should join the conspiracy.Actually all the letters were written from Cassius. This also applies to ethos because Brutus ends up freaking out about the whole thing and ends up joining the conspiracy. Brutuss speech to the plebeians is probably one of the most important parts of the play. Brutus and the conspirators had middling killed Caesar. So everyone is freaking out and going crazy. The plebeians now think the conspirators are evil and mad. Brutus has to change their minds. A quote from the play that Brutus said was Not that I love Caesar less, but I love capital of Italy more.Had you rather Caesar were living, and die all slaves than that Caesar were dead, to live all free men? (Shakespeare 948). Brutus was saying he killed Caesar for the good of Rome and he loves Rome more than he loves Caesar. This starts changing the mind of the Plebeians. Another thing Brutus did was told how Caesar was too ambitious for Rome and he deserved to die. This was the frosting on the cake for Brutus. Brutus ended up changing the minds of the Plebeians that killing Caesar was the right thing to do. Ever since Caesar died, MarkAnthony looked for revenge. Since Brutus got the plebeians on his side it do it difficult for Anthony to seek revenge by himself. It would take loads of persuasion to convince the plebeians in time again that Brutus and the conspirators were wrong to kill Caesar. To begin, Antony starts to bring down Brutus. He says, Did this in Caesar seem ambitious? When the poor man cried, Caesar hath wept ambition should be made of sterner stuff. (Shakespeare 950) This let the Plebeians thing for a little. Then Antony uses logos to show how Caesar was not ambitious.To top things off, Antony reads Caesars will, which is more like a bribe because Antony tea ses the crowd talking about the will and finely reads it when the crowd is most desperate. This speech from Antony changed the Plebeians mind yet again. The play Julius Caesar is full of persuasion. From Brutuss speech to the plebeians to Cassius persuading Brutus to join the conspiracy, each having a different rule. Rhetoric can be seen in many different forms. You just have to see if it can change your mind. Sources Shakespeare, William, Julius Caesar, Elements of literature 4th course

Ethos Outline Essay

When you write you must believe that people will wonder and question your authority. g. Maybe not scientific expertise, but personal experience. . Having profession titles withal can endorse trust. i. Small signals of authority can be picked up almost subconsciously IV. Establishing Credibility j. Humor puts a listener at ease, and helps them nominate k. Listen to people confident enough to make fun of themselves. l. Move quickly to reasonable claims after and back it up with evidence. m. Audiences respond to how you present yourself as a person. n. Using language to show that you respect, not talking almost(predicate) nor below them. o. Citing respectable sources to show that you have done your work. p. Using conditions of rebuttal. V. Coming scavenge about Motives q.Readers will ask how it benefits the narrator of the idea. r. Stating blanking how, and potential conflicts of interest will cause gained trust. s. In political circles, it is almost sport to assume the worst abou t motives. t. Admission of uncertainty helps build a bridge. After reading about the appeal of Ethos I mostly reflected on the fact that there was a jam I had never thought about with natural human tendencies. Mostly what was interesting to me was the fact that we mostly base our trust on the character of a person. Maybe if they back up their statements with facts we will believe, but it all starts with the character of a person.I also had never thought that people started with humor because they necessitate to connect, and bring themselves to a trusting level with their audience. Another thing I had not thought of was that readers will always question their writers, even subconsciously, about more different subjects. One main point I did not understand completely was talking about motives, and how saying conflicts of interest would help you connect to your reader, besides just on a trust level. Besides that I thought this chapter was very interesting, and contained many things t hat made sense, but I had never thought about or questioned before.

Internet is the major driving force behind this growth

The UK tourism industry is the fifth largest industry and is worth 85 billion pounds and employs 2.1million people which as or so 7.7% of the total workforce. (Visit Britain, press release, 11/Jan/2007) net profit is the major driving force behind this growth, which has seen the development of latest technologies that encourage browsing on personal computers.These days, people shag get tourism information easily anywhere in the world if they have access to a computer. Internet usage and popularity has go on to grow at an unprecedented rate ever since its invention. Today according to Internet world state (data), 1.1 billion people are connecting to it.The Internet has generated new communication space, which is called net income (Cyberspace 2 data). People can be in and out virtually at any time in this space where a community of users is formed.Recently the Internet has become an essential factor in the cyber market and in peoples life. Because of this the tourism industry needs to invest much of its resources towards establishing a comprehensive examination Internet marketing system.There are many travel agencies, hotels and airline companies opening their aver web homepages and offering tourism information and related services for tourists. This makes it or so impossible today to operate without the Internet, because many organizations are selling their products on-line and covers all aspects of life service.Since the advent of Internet, electronic commerce or E-commerce as popularly known has become an important factor for revenue generation for organizations. According to the Market Report of 2005, the amount of UK e-commerce consumption is expanding annually. (Figure 1)Figure 1 The estimated total UK online market for vacuous and entertainment by value (m), 2001-2005Moreover, Internet electronic commerce revenue is predicted to increase by 177.4% between 2005 and 2009 to 236.9bn. As seen in the above chart, e-commerce in hotels has continued to inc rease over the time. (Keynote Ltd, 2005)However, there would not be enough levels of revenue from hotel products over the Internet, because of unfamiliarity on the Internet. Over the last few years it has had a big impact on modern life, so people would not hesitate to pay for these products online using the electronic facilities available.The Hotel on the Internet uses sophisticated engineering in its business relationship-marketing program that helps to generate business-marketing leads and maintain long-term client relationships.Hotels need to use effective reservation services for easy gathering of customer information, enhancing various services like media advertising, internal marketing programs and customer feedback platforms. Therefore, the marketer and the manager of the hotel need to pursue a systematic and organized management do by for their web homepage by regularly updating their website.These study is a research on a hotel organization to see how they utilized their homepage in relations to their own Internet marketing and the most important factors to pay attention to. It also checks out the general performance using the Internet system. Finally, the research will adumbrate recommendations for future hotel Internet marketing.ReferencesKM CHO11. Visit Britain, press release, www.visitbritain.com.presscentre 11/Jan/20072. World state1) http//www.internetworldstats.com/top20.htm 03/01/20083. (Cyberspace 2) http//www.atis.org/tg2k/_cyberspace.html 03/01/20084. E-commerce The internet leisure & entertainment market, Fourth edition, p11, June 2006, Key note Ltd, Middlesex5. Internet usage in business, Eighth edition, p72, July 2005, Key note Ltd, Middlesex6. Secondary research information sources and methods, Stewart, David W, p1, p2, 1993, SAGE Publications, LondonKjell Erik Rudestam, Ph.D. and Rae Newton, Ph D Surviving Your Dissertation A Comprehensive Guide to meaning and Process. February 2006, p,10-77KM CHO1Review the reference presentation by going to the research centre for Reference guidelines

Interview With Sports Organisation Leader Essay

Part I Interview Questionnaire1. Briefly describe your current position and its duties and responsibilities.I am the treasurer to the Mid-Crest Panthers. My responsibilities include ensuring safe custody of each the organization funds and assets as well as handling completely financial matters in the organization. I am also a member of the shape up in which most decisions of the organization are make.2. How long have you held this position?3. What is the lead structure analogous in your organization?This organization has a board which is the main decision making body. The board is made of the president, vice president, treasurer, secretary, athletic director, cheer coordinator, football director, heighten coordinator, and fundraising coordinator. The organization also has team coaches which head various teams. However, all these leaders work in union as far as coordination of the club is concerned.4. Who are some of the primary stakeholders of this organization?The primary st akeholders include customers and fans, management, coaches, staff, youth and parents.5. How do you strive to meet the needs of the stakeholders?All stakeholders are represented in board meetings where they give their opinions of what whom they represented would like to see happens in the organization. I also note this down and ensure that their needs are met as much as possible while still considering all decisions made by the board.6. How would you describe your leadership style?My leadership style is including others views in carrying out duties entrusted to me. It is democratic leadership. overture up with ideas and consequently letting other opinion into these ideas.7. How important is leadership to the success of your organization?Leadership is very important. It gives the guideline of what activities to be carried out, how and when they will be carried out. It also comes up with strategies of financing these activities. It unites all stakeholders of the organization. It also gives solution to various problems that faces the organization as far as daily activities are concerned. The leadership monitors the organizations activities and gives advocate for the necessary actions.8. What do you feel is the most important aspect of leadership?Most aspect of leadership is to understand people you are leading and their needs- what they need, and then come up with appropriate way of solving these problems.9. What are some of the significant changes your organization has undergone?The size of this organization has greatly increased over the historical years. The organization has also increased its network with other organization in its effort to ensure reliable club funding and participating stakeholders.10. What role did leadership play in these changes?The leadership comes up with policies that will enhance this and then present them to the stakeholders as they seek support of the same.11. What methods do you use to resolve impinge or resistance to change?Me thod of solving conflict depends on what kind of conflict is at hand. There are some conflicts which are puzzle out by the team leader, the board or both. Opinions from different members are also given priority so as to avoid conflicts. Dialogue is employed so as to solve many conflicts and rule of majority is also employed.12. What advice would you give someone entering a leadership position for the first time? wiz should be ready to work extra hard than the people he/she is leading, understand their needs, including their weaknesses and strengths and be ready to listen to their opinions.Part II Interview compendiousAccording to this interview, it is clear that a leader is not a person who makes decisions and imposes them those he/she is leading. Success of a leader greatly depends on the relationship he/she has created with those he/she is leading. It is not enough to make decision on how to lead an organization, it also calls for great effort to sell these ideas to all stakehol ders so as these decisions whitethorn be well implemented.This interview has also changed my view about this organization. I have come to understand that it is a big family where cooperation of all stakeholders is emphasized. All stakeholders are well informed of all activities going on in the organization. It is not a place where stakeholders receive policies from the top management it is a place where all of them are involved in decision making e.g. in this organization, board members consist of representatives from all stakeholders. As the main decision making body, it is certain that decisions made will involve opinions from all stakeholders.This interview also enriched my knowledge about leadership. As a leader I should have ideas about how to handle a certain situation, but I should also make sure this is supported by the majority and also enrich these ideas from opinions of all stakeholders.In case I was in leadership position, I will consider others opinions very important f or my success as a leader. I will equally respect all staff to this organization and support decisions made by the board.

Scramble For Africa DBQ

European powers gave the illus. on of choice to the heap and then backed them up with torture and bullets when they rises De. African Nations responded to colonization efforts by holding on to their religious bell fees and through militaristic resistance while other just remained to their apprenticed faith that WA s set up to them by European Powers. In order to better analyze this issue, it would be helpful to have a document that is a response from African merchants that detailed the possible e economic consequences of European Colonization.Many Africans saw that that their fate had been made as soon as the European powers marched in and began occupying and colonizing their lands so they g eve in without a fight at alone. The Royal Niger Company, commissioned by the British government NT to enforce and develop the Niger River delta and surrounding areas and many African rue leers signed the form in 1886(Doc 1). Many African attractions just signed their lands away non eve en standing up for their lands they just subsided with the British thinking things would be bet terror them if they just have in when in worldly concern it didnt make anything better.Shanty leader Premier I turned down an offer that would protect him and his people. But he also said that at the same meter remain friendly with all White men(Doc 2). Premier may have not agree De to the British logic of protection but he did want to remain friendly with the whites which t urine out to be a major flaw for the Chiantis. Next, Indians Kamala and African veteran of the Needle Rebellion tells how his people surrendered to the white people and tried to live e their lives as normal as they possibly could(Doc 4).Once again the Africans just submitted t o the their fate Mr. Sullivan and attempt to live their lives as normal Africans. They might as well as off get for their lives and freedom because they were treated as slaves and when an unrecognized r one million million broke out against the Europeans, the Europeans quickly overpowered them and ma y Africans died. This was described by Indians Kamala as They-?the White men-?fought t us with big guns, machine guns, and rifles.Many Of our people were killed in this fight I s away four of my cousins shot. We made many charges but each time we were defeated(Doc 4 Lastly, Samuel Marcher a leader of the Hero people described in a letter to another African leader how All our obedience and patience with the Germans is of little avail, for each h day they shoot someone dead for no reason at 7). Many people in Africa just b Egan giving in to all the changes that were taking place around them by European powers.

Drama Soap Opera Essay

Our soap opera is called Selby Walk, named after a nearby common land situated near the street where our soap is filmed. Its set in a city suburb. The runner circumstance of the soap contains three characters. Their names are Dave Hudson who assumes the role of a cabman driver, Mark convert who is a family businessman and Rob Kallis- a shady drug dealer operating in the area. The cabby driver, Dave, is modelled as a chatty person in his early 40s. At times, hes overly the street gossip. Hes a pretty likeable personality.Mark Hayes is a businessman in his late 30s. Although he occupies the spotlight longer than his fair share, he is a family man and laden with responsibilities, so he keeps himself to himself. Rob Kallis is renowned as the town villain. He unremarkably dresses in black and always spiteful of many people. At 25, he is also despised by the community that he is a part of. he scene begins in Daves taxi. He is hotheaded Mark to an area where Rob Kallis dealings are rife. The camera is continuously jumping from catching the reply of one actor to the other. out front the dialogue starts, the camera swivels from looking at the road to the driver. This starts the scene off. However, the scene does not begin from when the journey begins. We catch it in the middle. Mark closes the door and begins to walk up the road. Before travelling up to a house footpath, he takes a quick look around. The camera also does this as if it was filming through his eyes. Mark walks up the footpath and up to a door. He peal the doorbell, but nobody answers. However, he finds the door unlocked and walks in. Dave watches this carefully, with a suspecting look on his face.

Joystick

What is the essence of the visitors point? Discuss how this quote could apply to the novel. Option 2 A euphemism is the substitution of a mild, indirect or vague expression for one thought to be offensive, harsh or blunt. Never Let Me Go is filled with euphemisms such as donations, completing and deferrals. by and by explaining what these words literally mean in the context of the novel, discuss why the guardians of Hails use these terms in talking with the students. On a broader level, how does the authors use of these words enhance the effect of the novel as a whole?Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller Options In literature the term foil describes a character that serves to highlight or emphasize opposing traits in another character. How is Bernard a foil to scoke? How is Charley a foil to Wily? In this paper you will need to discuss the differences in these deuce pairs of characters. Options Wily bring is often referred to as a modern tragic grinder. One of the traits of the tragic hero is that he is brought down by a combination of his own tragic stain as intumesce as forces surrounding him over which he has no control. What do you think is Wily Loans tragic flaw?What are the outside forces (the things that are not his fault) that contribute to his suicide? Option 3 On the surface, Linda Loan appears to be a traditional and subservient wife and mother who Linda demonstrates a clear-eyed intelligence and an some heroic sense of loyalty. Using specific evidence from the play, discuss the admirable qualities of this character. Your Name Dyspepsia belles-lettres Section (Be sure to put in section number. ) 17 September, 2014 Title of the Paper Goes Here When typing a paper in MEAL format, remember this simple rule everything is bubble-spaced.This includes the heading, the space between the accompaniment and the title, and the first line of text. There should never be any large gaps of blank paper. There should BEA 1 inch margin on all sides of the s heet. Use a standard looking font (this is Caliber) with a font size of 11 or 12. Be sure your paper has a title it should not be underlined or in bold-face. If you mention the name of the novel or play in the title, it should be italicized. In fact, be sure to italicize the name of the book title whenever you use it.

Data communications system Essay

1.Message.2.Sender3.Receiver.4.Transmission medium.5.Protocol.Q1-11) Why are communications communications protocols essential?To achieve end-to-end delivery of data.Q-17) Explain the difference between an Internet draft and a proposed quantity? An Internet draft is a working document (a work inprogress) with no official status and a six- month lifetime. A proposed standard is elevated to draft standard status after atleast two booming independent and interoperable implementations. Q2-5) A host communicates with another host using the transmission control protocol/IP protocol suite. What is the unit of data sent or received at each of the quest seams? a. application degreeMessage b. network layerDatagram c. data-link layerFrameQ2-12) When we say that the transport layer multiplexes and demultiplexes application layer messages, do we mean that a transport-layer protocol bath combine several messages from the application layer in one packet? Explain. The TCP/IP protocol suite uses several protocols at some layers, we can say that we have multiplexing at the source and demultiplexing at the destination. Multiplexing in this case means that a protocol at a layer can encapsulate a packet from several next-higher layer protocols (one at a time) demultiplexing means that a protocol can decapsulate and deliver a packet to several next-higher layer protocols (one at a time). To be able to multiplex and demultiplex, a protocol needs to have a field in its header to identify to which protocol the encapsulated packets belong. At the transport layer, either UDP or TCP can assume a message from several application-layerprotocols. At the network layer, IP can carry a segment from TCP or a user datagram from UDP. IP can excessively accept a packet from other protocols such as ICMP, IGMP, and so on. At the data-link layer, a frame may carry the payload coming from IP or other protocols such as ARP.P1-4) For each of the following four networks, discuss the conseque nces if aconnection fails. a. Five devices arranged in a mesh topology. It leave alone not failed b. Five devices arranged in a star topology (not counting the hub). It Will not failed c. Five devices arranged in a bus topology. It will failedd. Five devices arranged in a ring topology. It will failed P2-11) Protocol layering can be found in many aspects of our lives such as air travelling. Imagine you make a orotund-trip to spend some time on vacation at a resort. You need to go through some processes at your city airport before flying.You also need to go through some processes when you arrive at the resort airport. Show the protocol layering for the round trip using some layers such as baggage checking/claiming, boarding/unboarding, takeoff/landing.1-Print your boarding upset and check your luggage.2-Head to security.3-Find your gate/terminal.4- Hang out and wait for your plane.5-Wait for the announcement to board.6-Get your boarding pass checked.7-Enter the aircraft.8-Stow you r carry-on items.9- Get colonized in.

E-Government in Kazakhstan: Challenges and Its Role to Development

unexclusive Organiz revolutions per minute (2010) 103147 DOI 10. 1007/s11115-009-0087-6 E- governing in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its usance to phylogenesis Shahjahan H. Bhuiyan Published online 9 July 2009 springing cow Science + Business Media, LLC 2009 Abstract This paper hypercritically examines the mount up do in introducing and implementing e- giving medication political chopines and policies in Kazakhstan. It argues that in order to achieve the articulated maturement refinements, the Kazakh judicature has moved toward e- judicature paradigm to ascertain a people-centered, responsible and bold regime.Available data substantiates that the start faces many(prenominal) disputes such as political support and kind amidst political institutions, bureaucracy and citizens, digital divide, widespread decomposition, lack of human resources, and inadequate infrastructural learning, which needs to be amputated to emend reality overhaul auction pitch. This con illustrates some international development experiences to chthonicstand the returns of e- authorities. Such experiences whitethorn treat as policy guidelines to the successful carrying into action of e- administration to ensure overall development in Kazakhstan.Keywords learning . E-government . Kazakhstan . Service flipy Introduction electronic governing has been widely endorsed as a solution to a range of predicaments in the general sector. With promises of decreasing corruption, extirpationting red tape, reducing government costs, and fluctuating elective governance, the egovernance revolution has swept most nations, capturing the imaginations of policy cultivaters and attracting the interests of citizens and ancestry a similar (Salem 2006).electronic government evolves swiftly through be stages, beginning with a web presence of public agencies (interaction) to a means for citizens around the quantify s up to now days a week in the convenience of their homes ( effe ct) (Netchaeva 2002). This essentially creates a impudent ground for public sector carrying out. The S. H. Bhuiyan (*) plane section of Public Administration, Kazakhstan Institute of Management, Economics, and Strategic Research (KIMEP), 4 Abai Avenue, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan netmail emailprotected com 32 S. H. Bhuiyan equence of stages was depicted as inevitable, fueled by technology, citizen demand, and stinting genuineities in the public sector (Mayer-Schonberger and Lazer 2007). The prize objective of any technical innovation is to improve the quality of human condition. This pecknot be achieved by technological advances alone. First and foremost, they keep back to be successfully applied to human society. Such an approach is significant for governance and public administration because of its impact on a larger section of the society (Sharma 2002).To reap benefit of the training and communication technology (ICT), international development agencies atomic number 18 paying considerable attention to the tardy improvement of egovernment, particularly in growing countries. The most fresh linked Nations spread over entitled e-Government look back 2008 From e-Government to Connected Governance succinctly illustrates the importance of e-governance E-government can contri bute significantly to the process of transformation of the government towards a leaner, more(prenominal) cost-effective government.It can facilitate communication and improve the coordination of authorities at contrary tiers of government, within organizations and even at the departmental train (UN 2008, p. xii). In the like vein, the 2001 Human Development Report entitled do New Technologies Work for Human Development, commissioned by the United Nations Development course of instruction (UNDP), clearly portrays the subroutine of ICT for development as it extractd It is time for a new federation amongst technology and development. Human Development Report 2001 is int ended as the manifesto for that partnership (UNDP 2001, p. iii). Again, in the UnitedNations form, the human brink launched an e-government website, and in November 2002 its Information for Development Program released The E-Government Handbook for develop Countries. Later on, the United Nations league on Trade and Development convened the human beings Summit on the Information Society in geneva in celestial latitude 2003, and in Tunis in November 2005. Outside the UN system, many a(prenominal) initiatives were launched. One was the Roadmap for E-Government in the Developing institution, released by the Pacific Council on world(prenominal) indemnity in April 2002 (Holliday and Yep 2005, p. 239). Kazakhstan was a part of the USSR until its collapse in 1990.During the Soviet regime, public documents were largely shelved as classified, and thus restricting peoples annoy. life-time with such cynic norms of governmental operation for old age, the Government of Kazakhstan (Go K), after independence in 1991, quickly realised the need of a transpargonnt and accountable government. In the midst of varietyal challenges, the Government has chosen the entree of e-government for the twin objectives of providing fast and quality approach to public operate and of alter public goods force through the widespread use of ICT in the public sector ( realism Bank 2006).In order to measure how outlying(prenominal) e-government initiatives keep up contributed to the improvement of relationships amid politicians, bureaucrats and citizens in post-independence Kazakhstan, this paper (i) analyzes the background to the display of e-government designs and policies (ii) describes the overall development of e-government (iii) investigates the challenges facing the implementation of e-government initiatives and finally (iv) highlights its contribution to development.In short, the main focus of this paper is to critically examine the promotion made so far in introduc ing and implementing e-government programs and policies in Kazakhstan. This paper concludes by presenting a road E-Government in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its usance to Development 33 map showing how e-governance in Kazakhstan can be use as an mover of development. In reality, Kazakhstan is in transition. Of the many transitions now going on, an important one is the shift from closed to dogma society.Here lies the significance of the present get wind, insofar as it analyzes how this shift is being treatd in a crucial bowl of development, the public sector. There is much to gain from a critical assessment of the success of e-government initiatives have so far attained in post-independence Kazakhstan, as it sheds light on the challenges it is confronted with at present, which in turn helps to call some of the ways as to how they can effectively be overcome. The existing scholarship on e-government in Kazakhstan is less than satisfactory.This paper is intended to make a contri bution to the steadily emerging area of study focused on e-government in a local as rise as spheric context. methodological analysis This paper is based primarily on secondary sources. Three sources in particular have been explored and examine first, published academic journal and newspaper articles on e-government second, reports published by the international organizations and finally, re visit of websites of both public and cliquish agencies in Kazakhstan and elsewhere.The latter contributes to our understanding regarding the contents and work they en entrust to citizens. What is E-government? E-government was introduced in the playing area of public administration in the late 1990s, though it has not been clearly defined and understood by scholars and practitioners of public administration (Moon 2002).The term e-government arises by analogy to the concepts and practices of electronic commerce applied to the public sector, referring to the delivery of government table g o to the public on-line (typically over the net income) or to the technological infrastructure indispensable to deliver those go (Brown 2005, p. 242). E-government denotes the strategic, coordinated use of ICT in public administration and policy decision-making (Haldenwang 2004).Similarly, by e-government, Tandon (2005) refers to the preparation of efficient, genial and transparent serve wells by government departments and agencies to citizens and businesses. The Global study of E-government, a joint research initiative for global egovernment by the United Nations (UN) and the American Society for Public Administration (ASPA), provides a comprehensive description of e-government Broadly defined, e-government includes the use of all teaching and communication technologies, from fax machines to wireless palm pilot projects, to facilitate the nonchalant administration of government.However, like e-commerce, the popular interpretation of e-government is one that defines it excl usively as an Internet driven operationto which it whitethorn be added that improves citizen access to government training, portions and expertise to ensure citizen 34 S. H. Bhuiyan participation in, and enjoyment with the government processit is permanent commitment by government to improving the relationship mingled with private citizen and the public through enhanced, cost-effective and efficient delivery of work, information and fellowship. It is the practical realization of the best that government has to offer. (UN and ASPA 2002, p. 1)According to knowledge base Bank, e-government means to governmental use of information technologies (such as Wide Area Networks, the Internet, and mobile computing) that have ability to transform relations with citizens, businesses, and new(prenominal) agencies of government (cited in Sharma 2002, p. 607). The World Bank definition indicates the areas of operation of the concept and too lays down the broad benefits accruing out of thi s utilization of ICT to the field of governance, namely, to promote citizen em caterment, improve service delivery, strengthen accountability, increase hydrofoil, or improve government efficiency (cited in Tandon 2005, p. ). This paper takes a wider view of e-government by adopting the application of ICT tools to the improvement of governance through building public-private partnership to achieve development. In this article, e-government and egovernance, contempt their subtle conceptual differences, are interchangeably used. Kazakhstan context The Republic of Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia leap in the West by the Casp viperian Sea, in the North by Russia, in the eastern United States by China, and in the South by Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan (see Box 1 for summary information).Extending over a territory of 2,725,000 square kilometre (Makhmutova 2001), it is the second largest hobnailed of the former Soviet Republics with a tribe of 15. 48 million in 2007 (World Bank 20 08), of whom 4. 5 million are ethnic Russians (Wilson et al. 2002), and population density 5. 7 per square kilometer (Agency of Statistics of Kazakhstan website www. eng. stat. kz). Kazakhstan continues to negotiate the enormous challenges inherent in any transition from a planned to a market miserliness and, in the last decade, has experienced plummeting production levels (Wilson et al. 002) and two-digit (now 11%) inflation continues to grow. In recent days, Kazakhstan makes considerable progress in almost all aspects of life. Although, critics expressed concern about the limit of the rurals democratic development and the lack of its commitment to hold free and fair elections. For example, the most recent electric chairial elections were held in declination 2005 when chairperson Nazarbayev won a third term with more than 90% of the vote.The elections gained negative translation from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in atomic number 63 (OSCE), which claimed they had not met international standard, citing campaign restrictions, interference in polling stations, aggregate voting, pressure on voters, media bias and restriction on freedom of expression (Keesing 2005 cited in Knox 2008, p. 478). In the same vein, in 2001, another scholar also observed It is as yet too early to foreshadow the dawn of real democracy in Kazakhstan (Robinson 2001).Kazakhstans economy has gone through stages of pedigree, stagnation, and high economic growth after independence in 1990. The consummation from 1990 to 1997 was the E-Government in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its Role to Development 35 gunpoint of negative economic growth, or at best stagnation (in 19951997, economic growth was close to zero) collectable to transformation in economic arrangements. It was scarcely from 1998 that Kazakhstan entered the phase of strong and sustained growth (Agarwal 2008). In the first nine months of 2007, Kazakhstans GDP grew by 9. % (ESCAP, 2008). In 2007, GDP per capit a was US$ 7,857 (UNDP 2007). However, GDP growth is project to fall to 5% in 2008, and a modest increase to 6. 3% is penciled in for 2009 (ADB 2008). everywhere the period 19982004, the population living below the poverty line in Kazakhstan declined significantly from 39% in 1998, to 20% in 2004 (Agarwal 2008). The measures being interpreted by GoK to raise the living standards of the population have cut poverty levels by 1. 7% in 2006 by comparison with 2005 (to 18. %), and the figures for 2007 indicate that poverty levels have locomote to 12. 7% (UNESC 2008). The long-term development strategy Kazakhstan 2030 Prosperity, security and improved living standards for all Kazakhs was adopted in 1997. It identified seven priorities for the countrys development (i) National security, (ii) domestic stability and companionable cohesion, (iii) economic growth, (iv) health, upbringing and welfare for the citizens of Kazakhstan, (v) energy resources, (vi) infrastructure, transport and com munications, and (vii) a sea captain state.Since 1998 all the programs adopted in the country are being developed in accordance with the noted development strategy of the country, which aimed at improving the quality of life for the population by reducing social exclusion and raising the quality of social services, improving the environment, and involving civil society in development (UNESC 2008, p. 6). Box 1 Kazakhstan summary information crack of State President Nursultan Nazarbayev, first elected in December 1991 and re-elected in 1999 and 2005. National Legislature two-chambered 77-seat lower house (Majlis), 39-seat pper house (Senate). Language Kazakh is the state language. Russian is most widely spoken. Currency Tenge metamorphose rate 2007 average US$ 1 ? 120 Tenge Unemployment rate 8. 8 (2003) Adult literacy rate (% ages 15 and older) 99. 5 (2005) Life expectancy at birth (both genders) 65. 9 years (2005) GDP 104 billion US$ Internet exploiters (per 100 people) 12 Time r equired to start a business (days) 21 Sources Agarwal 2008 UNDP 2007 Wilson et al. 2002 World Bank 2008. The development initiatives of GoK have contributed to improving human development might (HDI).In 2007/8, the HDI for Kazakhstan is 0. 794, which gives the country a pasture of 73rd out of 177 countries (UNDP 2007). In the contrary, the 36 S. H. Bhuiyan ongoing mammoth development activities also encouraged, it would seem, widespread corruption in the country. As a result, during the years, Kazakhstan consistently gained curt corruption perception index (CPI). A 2008 Global unsophisticated Report on the state of corruption launched by the hydrofoil International ranks the country 145th among one hundred eighty countries with a CPI 2. (Transparency International 2008). Admittedly, the backdrop painted a defeatscape that suggests the critical importance of implementation of e-government plan in Kazakhstan with an aim to quick and quality access to public services, improving its effectiveness, combating corruption, poverty reducing through income generation, and thus building a breeding ground for development. The state of E-government in Kazakhstan Overall bit benchmarking Kazakhstan has envisioned joining 50 most competitive countries in the world by 2030.In achieving this goal, ICT plays a critical role by readying the country for entry into the forum of competitive world. In doing so, Kazakhstans accomplishments in fostering e-government include (World Bank 2006) & & & & & Recognition of e-government as a priority at the highest political level and the elaboration of an e-government strategy Establishment of the Agency for Informatization and Communications (AIC) as an independent regulatory authority sceptered to implement state ICT policy Creation of government agency Web sites (32 out of 42 government agencies have their own Web sites)Development of a number of corporate networks and databases (e. g. , integrated taxation, customs, pension info rmation systems) by individual government agencies and Enacting important legislations such as the laws on e-documents and esignatures. Kazakhstan has made substantial progress in introducing ICT in public sector. In terms of e- deftness, the United Nations Report on the e-Governance Survey 2008 recognizes Kazakhstan as the leader of Central Asia, while the region has regressed the most since the 2005 survey.This global survey report has ranked the country 81 among 189 countries with an index value 0. 4743 as compared with 65 among 179 in 2005 (UN 2008, pp. 3132). Table 1 shows e-government readiness in Central Asian countries. The table indicates that the countries in the region had a lower e-government readiness index than in 2005. In spite of governments efforts, Kazakhstan slips from its 2005 position partly because 2008s Survey had more focus on the interactive and transactional stages which largely remain unachievable, and thus the scores were lower (UN 2008).Another potential intellectual is its weak telecommunications facility. A 2004 International Telecommunication Union (ITU) data shows that effective teledensity in the country was sooner low, 16. 23 (ITU 2004). However, this number continues to improve. In 2000, the main telephone lines per 100 people were 12. 3 E-Government in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its Role to Development 37 Table 1 E-government readiness for Central Asia Country 2008 Index 2005 Index 2008 rank 2005 Ranking Kazakhstan 0. 4743 Kyrgyzstan 0. 4195 0. 4813 81 65 0. 4417 102 Uzbekistan 0. 4057 76 0. 114 109 Turkmenistan 0. 3262 79 128 Tajikistan 0. 3150 0. 3346 Region 0. 3881 0. 4173 132 117 World 0. 4514 0. 4267 Source UN 2008, p. 32 which change magnitude to 19. 1 in 2006, while in the same period mobile cellular subscriber change magnitude from 1. 3 to 51. 2 (World Bank 2006). The e-Government Survey 2008 data shows that both mainline telephone and cellular user further increased to 19. 77 and 52. 86 respectively (UN 2008). E-government program objectives and implementation Kazakhstans e-government program incorporates a three-stage approach (World Bank 2006) & & & st stage excogitation of the basic components of e-government infrastructure, such as the governmental portal vein, a retribution gateway providing a linkage with the banking system, national identification system, government-wide ICT network backbone infrastructure, creation of cross-agency information systems, supplying of mainly informational and transactional e-government services, promoting Internet use among the citizens and bridging the digital divide. 2nd stage expansion of the scope and depth of e-government services (predominantly of transactional nature) and comprehensive ICT-enabled reengineering of government administrative procedures. rd stage ICT-based transformation of government agencies operation, building a fully-fledged information society, homework of e-health, e-education, e-culture, e-democracy and other services. Some tasks link up to the first stage were implemented in 2006. On the April 12, 2006, e-government web-portal (www. e. gov. kz) was launched which provides more than 900 information services (egov magazine 2007). This portal is tri-lingual Kazakh, Russian and English. Laws On Informatization and On Amending Certain Legal acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Sphere of Informatization were developed and enacted.Interagency electronic workflow with digital signature has been implemented in 39 state bodies. A pilot model of National Authentication Center for physical and legal entities has been developed, and a pilot project on integrated transportation medium of state bodies has been implemented in capital of Kazakhstan, the capital of Kazakhstan. In an interview with the egov magazine in July 2007, Kuanishbek Esekeev, the guideman of AIC, reported that GoK had implemented, on 38 S. H. Bhuiyan an experimental basis, government databases on Physical Bodies and Legal Entities, i n six oblasts (regions).Moreover, 15 interactive services such as land register and address register software were developed and tested in pilot zones Citizens Service Centers (CSC) of Almatinskiy and Saryarkinskiy regions, Astana (egov magazine 2007). To connect citizens with the web, till 2006, 460 public access points kicked off. Eleven classrooms for providing computer literacy were opened in several regions as a part of capacity development of public sector employees, where more than 1,500 civil servants have been trained (egov magazine 2007).In 1997, a state program was adopted to incorporate information technology (IT) into the usual education system, so as to create IT network within the international education space. In 2007, the provision of computers to schools had reached one computer for every 21 pupils compared with one for every 62 in 2001 (UNESC 2008, p. 15). Besides, online instruction has been introduced into the teaching process, comparing a set of five subject s chemas, and work has been progressing to connect the education system to the Internet (UNESC 2008).The AIC is currently working to develop interactive services delivery through national e-government portal. In recent days, the Agency has been successful to deliver limited e-services. For example, it is possible to curve tax statements to the authorities as well as to clear mutual requitals with the state bud grasp through electronic channels in real time using digital signatures, which distinguishes Kazakhstan from other CIS countries (World Bank 2006, p. 10). In March 2006, a service has been launched, which enables citizens to submit applications to five ministries (e. . , Ministry of Economic Affairs and Budget Planning) and get an answer to his or her question in 3 to 5 working days. Almost all Akimats (city government) and ministries opened their virtual reception rooms. Visitors can download reference-document get acquainted with legal base and search addresses of various of fices (AIC website www. aic. gov. kz). Future plans The transactional phase of e-government development entrust lead citizens to pay for using public services via governmental portal.AIC is in the process to implement a payment scheme based on existing electronic transactional (payment) system of second-tier banks. GoK is committed to build a transparent information society that presupposes gradual increase of the portal users in number. It means this will eventually enrapture public services delivery only in electronic form. As a move to this, AIC plans to provide 900 different kinds of services that are to be exhibited on the portal in 2009 (egov magazine 2007). The challengesIn 2005, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs has estimated that more than 60% of e-government projects in developing countries fail (Salem 2006). Likewise, Kazakhstan confronts with multifaceted challenges to the introduction of e-government, and some of them are described here. E- Government in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its Role to Development 39 Political support and relationship in the midst of political institutions, bureaucracy and citizens Kazakhstan e-government program receives strong support from the President and his office.AIC has been given a order to coordinate and lead the effort (World Bank 2006). But problem arises due to the governments trend to monopolize political power (Perlman and Gleason 2007), dodging the naturalised norms of multi- troupe politics. As a consequence, in the August 2007 elections, the Presidents political party Nur Otan (father land) received 88. 41% of vote and captured all seats, and thus became the only party in the parliament when none of the parties were able to meet 7% threshold required to obtain parliamentary seats (Bakenova 2008, p. 4 Iqbal 2007). It is corroborated that political elitism is compounded by the fact that Kazakh opposition political parties are in disarray and fractured, offering no real altern ative to the voting public (Knox 2008, p. 487). Kazakhstan is dominated by a formal political elite and a highly centralized and power base comprising the Administration of the President of Kazakhstan and key stakeholders therein the State Secretary, Head of Administration and Security Council Secretary (Knox 2008).Cummings (2005, cited in Knox 2008) argued that the elite system is a compelling factor behind the emergence and maintenance of authoritarianism in Kazakhstan. Given disintegrated political context, it is clear that political communication develops in line with ones party affiliation, which limits the general trust in government. As a result, the nature of relationship existing between the party in power and opposition signals low quality of political development in Kazakhstan. The lack of political participation, however, compartmentalizes the development of e-governance.On the other hand, a major means through which interaction between citizens and politicians occurs i s the parliamentary website, which is supposed to facilitate the top-down flow of information from the legislature to citizens, allow a bottom-up channel for feedback from citizens to the elected members, increase transparency by providing detailed information about legislative procedures and activities, expand the number of avenues for greater public examen of the nature and processes of public policies and thus enhance the accountability of these elected politicians to their constituencies (Norris 2001, cited in Haque 2002, p. 38). To this point, Kazakh Parliament maintains a website (www. parlan. kz) and provides a list of basic information such as parliamentary activities, legislative acts, constitution, and list of parliamentary groups. It also provides an option to the website visitors to contact parliamentary secretariat to inform their queries and comments. The emergence of e-governance has significantly changed the nature of the relationship between citizens and public ser vants (Haque 2002). A 2002 World Bank survey made an assessment of Kazakhstans governance and service delivery.The survey suggests that general areas where Government can work on to improve the quality of public services through e-government. For example, the results of the survey indicated that households were not satisfied with their interactions with public officials (World Bank 2002). To improve this perception, ICT can be utilized for the reduction in the time that citizens and businesses have to spend to complete transactions with public bodies can be set as one of the performance indicators. If the transactions can 40 S. H. Bhuiyan e completed online, citizens do not have to spend the time to visit and wait at a public office, as long as they have an Internet connection (World Bank 2006, p. 20). Corruption In April 2005, the President of Kazakhstan gestural a decree On Measures to Step up the Fight against Corruption to strengthen discipline in the activities of state bodies and officials (Transparency International 2006, p. 185). Against this backdrop, petty corruption in the various form of bribe taking is a fixture of daily life (Gleason 1997, p. 379). High profile corruptions are also rampant.For example, the President of the state-owned Kazakh Telecom joint-stock bon ton was sacked by Security Council when it was revealed that his monthly wage was $365,000 (Knox 2008, p. 487). Similarly, in 2007, Kazakh Anti-corruption Agency (financial police) filed charges against the selection committee of Bolashak (future) program, a presidential scholarship scheme that enables talented young Kazakhs to study in developed countries. The charges stated that many scholarships have been actually purchased through the corrupt jury decisions (Bakenova 2008, p. 94).It is widely believed that e-governance is promised to reduce corruption, which displeases corrupt political executives and bureaucrats, who, in turn, create building blocks to the implementation of e-gov ernment programs. Digital divide Digital divideexclusion of groups within the population to get access to a computeris another challenge that has received government attention. It reveals that only 12% of the population in Kazakhstan has dexteritys to use PCs and half of them can use computer without being helped (egov magazine 2007), and only 12% are Internet users (World Bank 2008).To bridge the gap, the government is implementing Digital Inclusion Program for years 20072009. This program aims to increase number of ITC educated people by 15% and prepare the country to the transition from the industrial to information society (AIC website www. aic. gov. kz/? mod=static&Ing=rus&id=22, accessed November 22, 2008). Many governments across the world have taken up measures to lessen the magnitude of the problem. Philippines and Hong Kong, for example, have facilitated this partly by providing free or subsidized access to computers and Internet) in designated public places (Holliday 200 2). Telecommunications infrastructure is relatively problematic, although there are examples of significant public intervention. To this effect, several municipal governments in Germany have facilitated the development of high-speed network cables, fiber optics, and public access to improve digital economy (Hasse 2002). Infrastructural development E-government operation requires strong technological infrastructure such as computing and telecommunications. A great deal of financial resources is involved to develop structure.In Kazakhstan, it is more burdensome due to its vastness and odd geographical structure. The government has so far (20052007) allocated E-Government in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its Role to Development 41 approximately US$380 million (World Bank 2006) for the purpose of e-government implementation. Let alone government fund is inadequate to meet required expenses, which warranted a partnership among public, private and donor agencies for the accumulation of inves tments. Kazakhstans poor infrastructural readiness for egovernment also reflected in the e-Government Readiness Survey 2008 where it scored 0. 306 on infrastructure index (UN 2008). Human resources There is no denial that in most of the developing countries e-government programs suffer due to the lack of quality human resources. Kazakhstan is no exception. A 2006 World Bank report points out that even AIC, the lead organization to implement e-government, is struggling with the shortage of professional staff, leaving only 1215 for the informatization task (World Bank 2006). To overcome the challenge, GoK provides continuous training and education to develop professionals in this field.However, given the low public sector compensation packages, it is unclear whether the shortage of professionals will ever be overcome. Admittedly, Kazakh public administration suffers from migration of knowledgeable employees to its growing private sector due to loving emoluments. This will essentially constrain countrys journey toward e-government development. Poverty Given the gradual decline of the population living below the poverty line, the reduction of poverty is still an important policy goal for Kazakhstan (Agarwal 2008).However, a Gini coefficient (a measure of income inequality, with higher values denoting more unequal incomes) increased from 25. 74 in 1988 to 33. 85 in 2003 (ESCAP 2008). Income inequality is on the rise and took a defiant shape due to onslaught global economic meltdown, which also affects Kazakh economy. Consequently, rates of rural poverty continue to grow, and the economic necessity force migration from rural areas to the towns, which contributes to increase urban poverty too.According to UNDP, nearly 16% of the total population lives on less than US$2 per day (Euromonitor International, www. euromonitor. com/pdf/indonesia. pdf, accessed November 22, 2008). In this context, it is argued that a large population is unable to buy PCs (price of a PC ran ges between 40,00060,000 Tenge) and be connected with Internet (initial connection fee and deposit amount to nearly 20,000 Tenge even with the state-owned Kazakh Telecom). Apart from the above, there are disparities in the distribution of basic services in Kazakhstan (Gleason 1997).For example, a study shows that due to ageing Soviet transmission and distribution lines, electricity losses average 15%, arrival 30% to contrary areas (cited in Cochran 2008, p. 1), which causes frequent power cut1 mainly in rural settlements and thus busted the prospect of their social and economic life. This poverty-ridden environment is often not receptive to adopt technological innovations, like e-government. 1 Kazakhstan produced 76. 3 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity in 2007 and consumed just over that amount, 76. 4 billion kWh (Cochran 2008, p. 1). 42 S. H. Bhuiyan Harnessing privacyRapid adoption of global networks and technological innovations has raised many outstanding concerns f rom civil society over the bulwark of their privacy and personal data and has brought into focus the possibility of the rise of Big Brother (cited in Bhuiyan 2006, p. 114). In a similar vein, referring to Korea, Jho (2005) illustrates that the Korean government has faced fierce public opposition and suffered major setbacks in pursuing some of its ICT projects. This symptom worries yet growing civil society of Kazakhstan and effective dialogue with the government can reduce tension over the issue.E-government in the context of development New ICTs can make a significant contribution to the achievement of good governance goals (Heeks 2001). The e-governance permeates the four domains of government its role in fostering economic growth and social cohesion, its relationship with the governed, its internal administration, and its relationship with the international environment (Brown 2005, p. 251). In each of these areas developing countries are faced with limitations on institutional capacity and infrastructure, financial resources and civil service skills that characterizeand prolonglower levels of development (Brown 2005).Against this backdrop, efforts have been made for implementing e-governance in many developing countries and some of them were successful. The outcomes of those practices have shown improved government functioning, better service delivery, and triumph over many socio-economic, political and administrative ills. Among them, three cases are presented below to help us to understand the usefulness of using e-government to achieve development goals. Lessons learned from the cases have immense value to reorganize Kazakh public administration in line with e-government mandate.Case 1. brazil nut house of representatives e-participation The brazil nutian House of Representatives website allows citizens to talk to their representatives and to participate in debates directly through the Internet. The Government of Brazil also provides an e-participation platform that permits Members of Parliament and citizens to communicate through chat rooms, discussion forums and the service Falm com Deputado or chatter to the MP. This form of eparticipation has enhanced the interaction between citizens and Members of parliament.In a country as vast as Brazil and with a geographically dispersed population, online participation has provided citizens with a greater voice in the creation of policies and laws. (UN 2008, p. 31) Case 2. Health service in Malta The Malta Health Ministry is an excellent example of providing customer service online. The portal allows citizens to apply for the European Health Insurance Card online. It has an electronic patient library provided through a partnership with a E-Government in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its Role to Development 3 private firm, which provides citizens with a medical encyclopedia, information on surgeries and procedures, and has animated lessons. The portal also provides its citizens with a list o f local pharmacies. (Source http//www. ehealth. gov. mt/article. aspx? art=90 cited in UN 2008, p. 60) Case 3. E-seva program in Andra Pradesh, India The Government of Andra Pradesh has a clear vision to create a knowledge society by using IT in all aspects of development and governance (www. esevaonline. com, last accessed November 24, 2008).Consequently, E-Seva (electronic service) program was launched to effectively deliver public and social services to the citizens. This program offers services of multiple central, state and local government agencies as well as some private sector organizations. The salient features of E-Seva include the chase & & & & & & & 46 e-Seva centers (with 400 service counters) spread over the Twin Cities and Ranga Reddy District. All service counters are facilitated with an electronic queuing system. Operating from 800 a. m. to 800 p. m. , on all working days and 900 a. m. to 300 p. m. n holidays (Second Saturdays and Sundays). One-stop-shop for over 6 6 government-to-consumer (G2C) and business-toconsumer (B2C). No jurisdiction limits- any citizen in the twin cities can avail of the services at any of the 46 e-Seva service centers. Online services eForms, eFiling, ePayments. Payments by cash/cheque/DD/credit dining table/Internet. The Government of India data shows that e-Seva centers offer the total of 132 G2C services from 16 government departments, and 15 B2C services from 10 business firms. Services include, among others, online transaction processing of payments, issuance of certificates, and licenses.The number of transactions at e-Seva centers was initially under 5,000/month (August 2001). It quickly gained popularity and the number surpassed a million in July 2003. As of May 2004, the level of transaction is above 1. 1 million. (Source http//www. esevaonline. com/ cited in World Bank 2006, p. 42) The first case makes it clear that interaction between MPs and citizens through Internet helps the former to better understand citizens opinions, grievances, and demands, while the latter participates in scrutinizing public policies and laws.Kazakhstan government needs to implement the practice, contextualizing it to the local conditions, to boost up contact between parliament members and citizens, a pre-requisite for ensuring good governance. The second case is focused on electronic delivery of customer services related to healthcare in an EU country, Malta. The dismal performance of healthcare sector in Kazakhstan (Iqbal 2007) warrants a major overhaul. As a part of perceived reform, GoK whitethorn experiment with the transferability of Maltas practice in public healthcare outlets.The third example illustrates the significance of providing public services through public-private partnership (PPP) in Andra Pradesh, an Indian state. PPP is now a common strand of third way government policy, with better efficiency promised 44 S. H. Bhuiyan from the private funding of public infrastructure through the transfe r of risks to private concerns. In this perspective, GoK may consider to build PPPs as a potential strategy to deliver effective and efficient services to the citizens. Over and again, harbour of corruption and poverty reduction are two important development challenges that are being facilitated through e-government.These issues are in some detail discussed here. Corruption Heeks (1998) points out that the level of corruption in the public sector sharply decreases in countries where e-government exists. A survey in India has revealed that, in the states where e-government has been established even partially, the corruption rate has substantially fallen. The survey has found that in Kolkata and Mumbai, two Indian cities, due to implementation of e-governance in some public sector, corruption rate has declined to 19% and 18% compared to 51% and 38% respectively in 2000 (Kabir 2008).Similarly, in Bangladesh, one may observe that due to computerization of Railway arriere pensee System , the number of black-marketers has decreased considerably. Elimination of the middle-men in citizen-government interaction, in fact, is the major factor eradicating corruption (Kabir 2008). Poverty reduction Admittedly, the Nobel Peace Prize winning Grameen Bank has made a significant contribution to the development of ICT in Bangladesh. During the years, Grameen philosophy has proved that ICT can be very useful to uplift the rural and disadvantaged communities in Bangladesh and beyond (cited in Hossain 2005).According to the founder of the Bank and Nobel Laureate Professor Muhammad Yunus identified three key areas ICT can play an immediate role in helping the poor (Yunus 2004, cited in Hossain 2005) are 1. Integrating the poor into the mainstream economy by expanding their market, eliminating the middle-men in their business, and creating international job opportunities through service out-sourcing 2. Bringing information, educational programs, skill training, and healthcare servi ces, etc, all in a very user friendly way, even to the most remote villages 3.Empowering the poor, particularly poor women, with a stronger voice that can be heard behind the borders of their villages, better access to information, and improvement in the democratic process. The study by Aminuzzaman et al. (2003) found a positive correlation between the uses of ICT and poverty reduction in Bangladesh. According to the findings, at the individual level, the Village Phone (VP) of Grameen Bank has contributed significantly to income generation of rural women (popularly known as phone ladies).Socially, it has given a new status and scope to those women who are getting Banks support to start this venture both at the family and familiarity levels. Moreover, at the community level, it has narrowed gaps between cities and villages by enhancing frequent communication between family members. Economically, it has increased business transactions and dissemination of information (Aminuzzaman E- Government in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its Role to Development 45 et al. 2003, p. 327). In an earlier but similar study by Bayes et al. 1999) also evaluated the role of VP (of Grameen Bank) within the context of rural development in general and of poverty reduction in particular. They came up with two basic conclusions first, pursuance of practical policies can turn telephones into production goods, especially through lowering transaction cost, and second, the services originating from telephones in villages are likely to deliver significant benefits to the poor in Bangladesh (Bayes et al. 1999). Kazakhstan suffers from rampant corruption and poverty.As a means to control corruption and eradicate poverty, the government can evaluate the suitability of the noted (or similarly designed) initiatives for implementation in Kazakhstan. Conclusion The paradigm of e-government emphasizes coordinated network building, external collaboration, and one-stop customer services to facilitate eff icient service delivery to citizens, and, thus, contrasts sharply with the traditional bureaucratic paradigm, which stresses standardization, departmentalization, and division of labor (Ho 2002).In order to keep pace with the articulated development goals, particularly to achieve Kazakhstan 2030, the GoK has started to move toward e-government paradigm to establish a citizen-centered, accountable and transparent government. Kazakhstans past political history was linked to the long-standing legacies of monopolism, clanocracy, and cynicism of the Soviet period (Gleason 1997, p. 379). In the new Kazakhstan, situation has not improved to the extent many had expected. The country is still marked by widespread corruption, abject poverty, digital divide, lack of infrastructural development and human resources.In this context, egovernment offers opportunities, though rudimentary at the present stage, to the government to improve service delivery across the country. The international develop ment experiences clearly portray the benefit of egovernment. Such experiences may serve as policy guidelines to the implementation of e-government in Kazakhstan, after careful evaluations to their acceptability in Kazakh society. An important challenge to e-government implementation in developing countries is the lack of financial resources. The case of Kazakhstan is very much the same.The honeymoon period of booming Kazakh oil economy is under stress. To continue the systematic implementation of e-government even during the sluggish economy, public-private partnership is a necessary strategy for the avoidance of huge initial investment costs. 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Kazakhstan e-government program and the road ahead. Washington, DC World Bank (a joint economic research program with the Government of Kazakhstan).The World Bank. (2002). Kazakhstan governance and service delivery A diagnostic report. Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region. Yunus, M. (2004). Petersburg Prize 2004- acceptance speech delivered by Professor Muhammad Yunus in the Prize giving notice on June 27, 2004, at the Development Gateway Forum 2004, held at Petersburg Conference Center, Kongiswinter, Germany Shahjahan H. Bhuiyan is Ass ociate Professor and Chair of the Department of Public Administration at Kazakhstan Institute of Management, Economics, and Strategic Research (KIMEP), Almaty.He earned a Ph. D. in Development Studies from the University of Bonn, Germany. His research interests are in governance, public policy and administration, public management, organization theory and behavior, culture, knowledge and development. 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