American industry during the era from the late 19th century to the Essay

American industry during the era from the late 19th century to the 1930s - Essay Example The prime purpose of the paper is to present and discuss about the influence of managers and workers towards controlling of wage structure and application of newly used methods other than strike. The history of labour in United States is determined as the history of working people and organized labour. The umbrella labour federations of organized unions consist of citywide federations and AFL-CIO have merged, evolved, split, participate and fought against the periodic federal government interference and changing priorities. In 1894, Samuel Gompers was elected as AFL-CIO leader. At the time of emergence of mechanization, it has become pivotal to replace machines from highly skilled craftspeople. At the time of late 19th century to early part of 20th century, most of the Americans left small towns and farms to work in factories which was effectively categorized by steep hierarchy and organized by mass production. The effect of industrialization has been enormous on working people and result of the alteration of worker lead to the increase in the competition of jobs, loss of the bargaining power and lack of personality on relationships between employer-employee in any new organization1. Unskilled labours were paid less. Moreover, the working condition was often dangerous and unhealthy. The increase of industrialization and rapid upsurge of economic growth meant that percentage of wages growth from 1860 to 1890 in United States was around 60%2. The wage structures for American skilled workers are much higher than that of other countries in Europe. Under the leadership of Samuel Gompers, the Federation of Organized Labour and Trade Unions came in to existence. It has been estimated that between year 1881 and 1905, more than 37,000 strikes were organized by the labour unions. The influence of managers and workers has been supreme towards the formation of strikes. The main goal for occurrence of routine events of

The Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living Socrates Philosophy Essay

The Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living Socrates Philosophy Essay The unexamined life is not worth living. With these words, Socrates stated the creed of reflective men and women and set the task for ethics: to seek, with the help of reason, a consistent and defensible approach to life and its moral dilemmas (Walters 22). Ethical inquiry is important to us when we are unsure of the direction in which we are heading. New philosophy calls all in doubt, wrote John Donne in the wake of the Copernican Revolution and of Charles Is violent death, suggesting that new thoughts had challenged old practices (Donne). Today, new practices in the biomedical sciences are challenging old thoughts: New medicine calls all in doubt (Walters 22). Few moral convictions are more deeply ingrained than that of the sanctity of life. If plausible once, however, the view that life is a sacred process (initiated, sustained, and finally halted by God) is now more difficult to maintain (Baier 1-4). Recent advances in the biomedical sciences allow us to intervene in, and sometimes take control of, the processes of life and death. Not only can death, quite often, be kept waiting by the bed or machine, doctors and scientists can now also intervene in, indeed, initiate the process of life: cloning and recombination of DNA are two examples; in vitro fertilization (IVF) is another (Walters 23). It is not surprising, then, that in the wake of these revolutionary developments, bioethics is flourishing. Despite the obvious enthusiasm of philosophers to take a stand on many complex moral issues in the biomedical sciences, however, a curious skepticism pervades the enterprise (Walters 23). Take the comments by a dean of an Australian Medical School on the teaching of medical ethics: Like any other lifelong clinical teacher I have firm views about such topics as euthanasia, continuing severe pain, acceptable and unacceptable risks of various treatments, the appropriate use of life support systems and numerous other matters of this sort which I discuss with my colleagues, assistants, and students but would not wish to teach dogmatically since much depends on the religious and ethical views which they may have and which also must command my respect (Medical Ethics). The paragraph suggests that although ethics is not a matter of dogmatism, it is a matter of personal preference or choice, something one cannot-or should not-argue about. Then there is another attitude, implied in a newspaper article by B.A. Santamaria, that ethical inquiry is useless unless those investigating bioethical issues have been à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦endowed with authority by Almighty God [or] the Prime Ministerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Santamaria). Since the study of ethics is all about what is right and what is wrong, it is not possible to come to a correct conclusion unless one is directly appointed by God to make this conclusion. God is the only One who can correctly decree what is ethical and unethical; we as imperfect humans should not even attempt to do this job. IVF raises many of these difficult moral issues. If the above conceptions about the nature of ethics were correct, however, discussion of these issues would either be futile (because morality is a matter of personal choice or opinion) or superfluous (because morality is what a divine or secular authority says it is) (Walters 23). In this paper, I want to suggest that it is not only possible, but also necessary to inquire into the ethics of such practices as IVF because the fact that we can do something does not mean that we ought to do it. To begin with, I will provide the basic medical facts involving IVF to give a solid understanding of what goes into the whole process and what facts involving this process cause the questioning of the ethical and moral issues. Infertility affects about 4.9 million couples in the United States, or one in every twelve. Approximately one-third of infertility cases can be traced to causes in the female (Encarta). However, a small proportion of infertile women can produce healthy eggs but, although they have a normal uterus, they have damaged or diseased fallopian tubes which prevent the egg from passing from the ovary to the uterus (Warnock 29). Aside from conventional methods of fertility treatment, there are also several newer techniques, collectively known as assisted reproductive technology (ART). The best known of these is in vitro fertilization (IVF) (Encarta). The concept of IVF is simple. A ripe human egg is extracted from the ovary, shortly before it would have been released naturally. The egg is then mixed with the semen of the husband or partner so that fertilization can occur. The fertilized egg, once it has started to divide, is then transferred back to the mothers uterus. It is common practice to transfer more than one embryo to a potential mother whenever possible because of the normal hazards that come along with pregnancy, such as the egg not attaching to the wall of the uterus (Warnock 29-30). As many ripe eggs as are accessible are harvested. Each egg is then mixed with semen to achieve fertilization. Assuming there is no abnormality in the semen, the success rate of fertilization is usually at least 75%. When the time comes to transfer the embryos to the woman, it may be that only one embryo is suitable for transfer, or there may be several. The reason for transferring more then one embryo is that this should give the woman a better chance of achieving a pregnancy (Warnock 30). Nearly 0.2% of American and 1% of British babies are being born after IVF. There are now more than 300,000 IVF babies worldwide. Patients stand in line for treatment, regardless of the stress, discomfort, and risks, and despite the fact that the success rate for the treatment is seldom better than 1 in 5 or 20% (Gosden 26-27). This surprisingly high number of IVF babies, and the many more IVF attempts that do not produce babies, which are currently being produced around the world present a need for the discussion of the ethical, or unethical-ness of in vitro fertilization. To call an infant born as the result of IVF a created individual is to imply that there is some difference between a child conceived and brought to term in this way and one conceived in the womb and carried through completely to term by the mother. To many religious people, the work of creation belongs, in the first place, to God, as it is outlined in the creation stories of the book of Genesis. God is the one who creates life and order out of chaos. Mankind is the highest product of creation, made from materials, which are part of creation. To man, who is made in the image of God, there is given dominion over the created world and the authority to exercise a stewardship which involves caring for what has been created. This has been developed within the Christian tradition so that man may be considered a partner with God in the continuing work of creation (Walters 88). In examining the question of IVF we are not looking at a question of creation out of nothing, but rather what may be seen, from the religious viewpoint, as an aspect of the trust given to mankind to care for creation. It may then be more appropriate to think of the facilitated rather then the created individual when we consider human intervention in the process of human fertilization (Walters 88). In considering this question and its ramification we will look at the viewpoints of some writers, both within and outside the Judeo-Christian ethical tradition, and try to determine whether or not basic notions of humanity are threatened by the artificiality which some have claimed is involved in the process. One argument against IVF is presented by the Roman Catholic Church using natural law as the basis for their argument. The theory of natural law is widely taken to mean that God has visibly set forth Gods laws in nature and humans should obey them (Dyson 52). The primary feature of IVF that comes under scrutiny from natural law is undoubtedly concerned with IVF as external fertilization. This is to say, the primary accusation coming from natural law focuses on the fact that in IVF, fertilization occurs in vitro in a glass dish, rather than in vivo, namely in the womans body. A second feature of IVF that is challenged by natural law is the use of masturbation by the husband or donor to provide the sperm without which the external fertilization cannot go ahead (Dyson 53). A rebuttal against this is presented by Fletcher, in which he has proposed a personal instead of a biological interpretation [of the natural law theory], so that the nature to be respected becomes not the reproductive process but what is worthy of a human being-freedom, planning, control of physical nature to serve human nature! à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Mans vocation is actually to frustrate nature as do medicine and technology, if rational needs and purposes require it (Fletcher 323). Another argument that many use to defend IVF, and also abortion, is that the embryo is not actually a human being but instead just a mass of cells with the potential to become a child, therefore not worthy of respect or careful treatment as that which would be awarded to a baby. Walters, however, argues that the embryo is actually living: it metabolizes, respires, responds to changes in the environment, grows, and divides (Kass 32-60). It is actually human; it pertains to the species homo sapiens. It is inappropriate, therefore, to refer to it as potential human life. We could, however, say it is potentially a mature human being (Walters 51). Walters continues this argument using the reasoning of Paul Ramsey. The human individual comes into existence first as a minute informational speckà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (with the single exception of identical [multiple births]) no one else in the entire history of the human race has ever had or will ever have exactly the same genotype. Thus, it can be said that the individual is whoever he is going to become from the moment of impregnation. Thereafter, his subsequent development may be ascribed as a process of becoming the one he already is. However, some would counter-argue that, since twinning and recombination are possible in the early days after fertilization, irreversible individuality had not been achieved at this stage. These possibilities show the uncertainty of human individuation at conception. If the uncertainty remains as long as twinning is possible, it would seem that individuality could be certainly established only at blastocyst (an embryo four to six days after fertilization). Before this period, the embryo may be considered as only potentially a human being. This would imply that it is worthy of respect but not the same degree of respect as accorded to a mature human being (Walters 53). There are many more arguments concerning the ethicalness of in vitro fertilization, but the discussions stated above are the main points stated by the opposing sides. I do not believe one single conclusion can ever be drawn from these arguments. One can form him or her own personal opinion, but there will never be a single right or wrong answer. Based on the arguments I have read and learned about while writing this paper, I have drawn my own conclusions regarding the ethicalness of in vitro fertilization. I believe an embryo is a human being from the moment of conception and therefore its life should be treated with as much respect as a born baby should. I believe this life is precious and a creation of God. A baby is also, or should be, the representation of two people coming together in love to create a life. It should not be done outside of the body. An argument presented in Walters book that defends this position states: Those who reject human interference at the beginning of life would most certainly do so on the basis that what nature has decreed cannot take place ought not to take place. For an infertile couple, this implies that they must remain infertile: if they cannot produce a child by the normal means of conception then they must remain childlessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(89) This is not necessarily the case and is a very narrow-minded conclusion to draw, as I will explain in the next paragraph. I sympathize with the couples who wish to have a child that shares their genetics, but I believe God made the couple infertile for a specific reason. He made them infertile so they could have the opportunity to give an orphaned or abandoned child a home. There are thousands, maybe even millions, of children without families all over the world. These children deserve love and a home just as much as the couple deserves to have a child. As William Walters put it so clearly, instead of insisting on the right of a couple to have a child, as some have done, let us be mindful rather of the right of a child to have parents (Walters 78). Just because a couple cannot produce their own genetic child does not mean that they must remain childless. While many people may not agree with other conclusions I have drawn regarding the personhood of the embryo or the immorality of a couple having a child outside of intimacy, there is no disputing the fact that infertile couples have an alternative to having a child created through science. They could make something good out of a seemingly bad thing by giving a child without a family a home, love, and a life. There is an alternative to infertility without relying on scientists, test tubes, and small chances. They can create their own miracle by giving life to an already-born deserving child. Baier, K. The Sanctity of Life, Journal of Social Philosophy. Vol. 5. April 1974: 1-4. Donne, John. The First Anniversary. Dyson, Anthony O. The Ethics of IVF. Mowbrey: 1995. Fletcher, J. Anglican Theology and the Ethics of Natural Law, Christian Social Ethics in a Changing World: An Ecumenical Theological Inquiry. Association Press: New York, 1966. Flynn, Eileen P. Human Fertilization In Vitro: A Catholic Moral Perspective. University Press of America: 1984. Gosden, Roger. Designing Babies. W.H. Freeman and Co.: New York, 1999. Kass, L.R. Making Babies Revisited, The Public Interest. Vol. 54. 1979: 32-60. Infertility. Encarta 1998. CD-ROM. Microsoft Corporation, 1993-1997. Medical Ethics. Editorial. The Medical Journal of Australia 11 June 1977: p. 871. ODonovon, Oliver. Begotten or Made? Clarendon Press: 1984. Ramsey, Paul in Rachels, J. ed. Moral Problems. Harper Row: New York, 1975. Santamaria, B.A. Medics Play God With Babes on Ice. Perth Independent 26 May 1981. Walters, William and Peter Singer ed. Test-Tube Babies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982. Warnock, Mary. A Question of Life. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984.

Gertrudes Suicide :: essays research papers

Gertrude’s Suicide? In the Shakespearean tragedy "Hamlet," Prince Hamlet’s mother Gertrude encounters many misfortunes, which she feels that she is to blame for. Gertrude was brought into the middle of everybody’s dilemmas and thus felt responsible for the occurrences that happened to all of the significant characters throughout the play. She allows her emotions to build up in an unhealthy manner and this leads to her eventual death. The question that surrounds her death is whether she committed suicide or led a natural demise? This is an unknown fact because on the night of her death she drank a poisoned cup of wine which was meant for Hamlet. However there was a possibility that Gertrude knew that the wine had deadly toxins in it. Although there is no definite guarantee that she committed suicide, the evidence is overwhelming that she knew that the wine was tainted. Prior to the opening of the drama, Gertrude was having an incestuous affair with her husbands brother, Claudius. Claudius then killed his brother (King Hamlet), and shortly after married Gertrude. Prince Hamlet could not handle this and was disgusted by the entire situation. He then decided to put on an "Antic Disposition," meaning that he will pretend to be crazy in order to find out the details of what is going on. Gertrude observes that Hamlet is not his usual self, and she feels responsible because her remarriage is so soon after her old husbands death. This makes Gertrude feel absolutely terrible and could be a possible justification for suicide. The Chief Counselor of Denmark, Polonius and his family, play a big role in determining the motivation of a possible suicide. Hamlet was in the midst of avenging his fathers death, to kill Claudius. He was having a conversation with his mom when he heard someone in the room spying on them. Thinking it was Claudius, he drew his sword and stabbed though the curtain where the impostor was in concealment. It turned out to be Polonius, who was now dead, and again Gertrude couldn’t help but feel accountable. Polonius’ daughter Ophelia was affected dramatically by his death. She was romantically involved with Hamlet, and couldn’t handle the fact that her boyfriend murdered her father. This destroyed Ophelia’s character and led to her suicide. Polonius’ son Laertes, had now lost his entire family and wanted to get revenge by assassinating Hamlet. Laertes was having a meeting with Claudius and they were planning the details of how to kill Hamlet.

The Motion Picture Industry: Executive Summary

The motion picture industry is a competitive business. More than 50 studios produce a total of 300 to 400 new movies each year. The financial success of each motion picture varies considerably. The opening weekend gross sales (in millions), the total gross sales (in millions), the number of theaters in which the movie was shown, and the number of weeks the motion picture was in the top 60 for gross sales are common variables use to measure the success of a movie. Data Collected for a sample of 100 movies produced in 2005 are contained in the file named Movies. xlsx. This file is attached to the assignment link on Blackboard. Using this data prepare an executive summary detailing how each of the variables help explain the total gross sales. In other words, your total gross sales is a function of opening gross sales, number of theaters, and number of weeks in the top 60. The executive summary will contain the following parts. 1. What are your initial assumptions or hypotheses? Which of the variables have the highest correlation with total gross sales? IE, which variables to you think make the most difference toward total gross sales? By studying the information, I believe the variable with the highest correlation with total gross is the opening gross sales. The movie with the highest opening gross also ends up with the highest total gross sale. 2. Develop the descriptive statistics for each of the four columns. 3. Develop tabular and graphical summaries for each of the four variables along with a description of what each summary tells us about the motion picture industry, if anything. 4. Develop a scatter diagram to explore the relationship between total gross sales (y) and opening weekend sales (x). Display the regression and slope equations with a trend line. . Develop a scatter diagram to explore the relationship between total gross sales (y) and Number of theaters(x). Display the regression and slope equations with a trend line. 6. Develop a scatter diagram to explore the relationship between total gross sales (y) Number of weeks in the top 60 (x). Display the regression and slope equations with a trend line. 7. Which of these three variables have the most effect on total gross sales? Does this make sense to you? Why or Why not? * T he variable that effects the total gross sales the most is the opening sales with R? = 0. 9298. It does make sense to me because usually If the movie does not start with a high opening gross, meaning people don’t go to premier, it will start falling behind as other movies are following to come out. 8. Does this final analysis square with your initial assumptions or hypothesis? Why or why not? -Yes it does, in my hypothesis I came to the conclusion that opening gross was the main variable and had the most effect as it was shown in the data given, and It made sense to me since I watch a lot of movies, usually if it doesn’t start with a high gross, it will not have a great total gross sales if comparing to other movies. . If you were the marketing executive in charge of spending $100 million to promote the new Iron Man 3 movie coming out this summer, where would you concentrate your money and efforts? Why there? -I would concentrate the money in trailers and commercials as this is how it will show consumers how the movie will be, a sneak peak which everyone loves, an d for the ones that don’t have an idea of what the movie is about, it will show them and will most likely encourage them to watch the movie, pretty much it pumps up people and excite them to watch the movie.

Stefan’s Diaries: Bloodlust Chapter 5~6

Chapter 5 A day later, the train screeched to a stop. â€Å"Baton Rouge!† a conductor called in the distance. We were getting closer to New Orleans, but the time was creeping by far too slowly for my liking. I flattened my back against the wall of the car, noticing passengers hastily packing up their belonging as they prepared to vacate their quarters, when my eye fell upon a green ticket, emblazoned with a large boot print. I knelt down and picked it up.Mr. Remy Picard, Richmond to New Orleans. I tucked it into my pocket and jauntily walked back through the train, until I felt someone gazing at me curiously. I turned around. Two sisters were smiling at me through the window of a private compartment, their expressions bemused. One was working on a piece of needlepoint, the other writing in a leather-bound diary. They were being watched with hawk-like intensity by a short, plump woman in her sixties, clad in all black, most likely their aunt or guardian. I opened the door. â€Å"Sir?† the woman said, turning toward me. I locked my gaze onto her watery blue eyes. â€Å"I believe you left something in the dining car,† I said. â€Å"Something you need.† I continued, copying Damons low, steady voice. Her eyes shifted, but I sensed that this was different from the way the conductor had responded to my words. When Id tried to compel the conductor, it was as if my thoughts had collided with steel; here, it was as though my thoughts were breaking through fog. She cocked her head, clearly listening. â€Å"I left something † She trailed off, sounding confused. But I could sense something in my brain, a sort of melding of our minds, and I knew she wouldnt fight me. Immediately, the woman shifted her bulk and stood up from her seat. â€Å"Why, ah, I believe I did,† she said, turning on her heel and walking back down the hall without a backward glance. The metallic door of the car closed with a click, and I pulled the heavy navy curtains over the little window to the aisle. â€Å"Nice to make your acquaintance,† I said as I bowed to the two girls. â€Å"My name is Remy Picard,† I said, surreptitiously gazing down at the ticket poking out of my breast pocket. â€Å"Remy,† the taller girl repeated quietly, as if committing my name to memory. I felt my fangs throb against my gums. I was so hungry, and she was so exquisite I mashed my lips together and forced myself to stand still.Not yet. â€Å"Finally! Aunt Minnies never left us alone!† the older girl said. She looked to be about sixteen. â€Å"She thinks we arent to be trusted.† â€Å"Arent you now?† I teased, easing into the flirtation as the compliments and responses volleyed back and forth. As a human, I would have hoped such an exchange would end with a squeeze of the hand or a brush of lips against a cheek. Now, all I could think of was the blood coursing through the girls veins. I sat down next to the older girl, the younger ones eyes searching me curiously. She smelled like gardenias and bread just out of the oven. Her sister–they must have been sisters, with the same tawny brown hair and darting blue eyes–smelled richer, like nutmeg and freshly fallen leaves. â€Å"Im Lavinia, and this is Sarah Jane. Were going to move to New Orleans,† the one girl said, putting her needlepoint down on her lap. â€Å"Do you know it? Im worried Ill miss Richmond horribly,† she said plaintively. â€Å"Our papa died,† Sarah Jane added, her lower lip trembling. I nodded, running my tongue along my teeth, feeling my fangs. Lavinias heart was beating far faster than her sisters. â€Å"Aunt Minnie wants to marry me off. Will you tell me whats it like, Remy?† Lavinia pointed to the ring on my fourth finger. Little did she know that the ring had nothing to do with marriage and everything to do with being able to hunt girls like her in broad daylight. â€Å"Being married is lovely, if you meet the right man. Do you think youll meet the right man?† I asked, staring into her eyes. â€Å"I I dont know. I suppose if hes anything like you, then I should count myself lucky.† Her breath was hot on my cheek, and I knew that I couldnt control myself for much longer. â€Å"Sarah Jane, I bet your auntie needs some help,† I said, glancing into Sarah Janes blue eyes. She paused for a moment, then excused herself and went to find her aunt. I had no idea if I was compelling her or if she was simply following my orders, because she was a child and I was an adult. â€Å"Oh, youre wicked, arent you?† Lavinia asked, her eyes flashing as she smiled at me. â€Å"Yes,† I said brusquely. â€Å"Yes, I am wicked, my dear.† I bared my teeth, watching with great satisfaction as her eyes widened with horror. The best part of feeding was the anticipation, seeing my victim trembling, helpless,mine. I slowly leaned in, savoring the moment. My lips grazed her soft skin. â€Å"No!† she gasped. â€Å"Shhh,† I whispered, pulling her closer and allowing my teeth to touch her skin, subtly at first, then more insistently, until I sank my teeth into her neck. Her moans became screams, and I held my hand over her mouth to silence her as I sucked the sweet liquid into my mouth. She groaned slightly, but soon her sighs turned into kittenish mews. â€Å"New Orleans, next stop!† the conductor yelled, breaking my reverie. I glanced out the window. The sun was sinking low into the sky, and Lavinias nearly dead body felt heavy in my arms. Outside the window, New Orleans rose up as if in a dream, and I could see the ocean continuing on and on forever. It was like my life was destined to be: never-ending years, never-ending feedings, never-ending pretty girls with sweet sighs and sweeter blood. â€Å"Forever panting, and forever young,† I whispered, pleased at how well the lines from the poet Keats suited my new life. â€Å"Sir!† The conductor knocked on the door. I strode out of the compartment, wiping my mouth with the back of my hand. He was the same conductor whod stopped Damon and me just outside Mystic Falls, and I saw suspicion flash across his face. â€Å"Were in New Orleans, then?† I asked, the taste of Lavinias blood in the back of my throat. The ginger-haired conductor nodded. â€Å"And the ladies? Theyre aware?† â€Å"Oh yes, theyre aware,† I said, not breaking my gaze as I slipped my ticket out of my pocket. â€Å"But they asked not to be disturbed. And I ask not to be disturbed, too. Youve never seen me. Youve never been by this compartment. Later, if anyone asks, you say there may have been some thieves who got on the train outside Richmond. They looked suspicious. Union soldiers,† I invented. â€Å"Union soldiers?† the conductor repeated, clearly confused. I sighed. Until I had compelling under control, Id have to resort to a more permanent style of memory erasing. In a flash I grabbed the conductor by the neck and snapped it as easily as if it were a sweet pea. Then I threw him into the compartment with Lavinia and shut the door behind me. â€Å"Yes, Union soldiers always do make a bloody mess of things, dont they?† I asked rhetorically. Then, whistling the whole way, I went to collect Damon from the gentlemens club car. Chapter 6 Damon was slumped right where Id left him, an untouched whiskey glass sweating on the oak table in front of him. â€Å"Come on,† I said roughly, yanking Damon up by the arm. The train was slowing, and all around us passengers were gathering their belongings and lining up behind a conductor who stood in front of the black iron doors to the outside world. But since we were unencumbered by possessions and blessed with strength, I knew our best bet was to exit the train the same way wed entered: by jumping off the back of the caboose. I wanted us both to be long gone before anyone noticed anything was amiss. â€Å"You look well,brother.† His tone was light, but the chalkiness of his skin and the purpling beneath his eyes gave away just how truly tired and hungry he was. For an instant, I wished Id left some of Lavinia for him, but quickly brushed aside the thought. I had to take a firm hand. That was how Father used to train the horses. Denying them food until they finally stopped yanking on the reins and submitted to being ridden. It was the same with Damon. He needed to be broken. â€Å"One of us has to maintain our strength,† I told Damon, my back to him as I led the way to the last car of the train. The train was still creeping along, the wheels scraping against the iron lengths of track. We didnt have much time. We scrambled back through the sooty coal to the door, which I pulled open easily. â€Å"On three! One Two † I grabbed his wrist and jumped. Both of our knees hit the hard dirt below with a thud. â€Å"Always have to show off, dont you, brother?† Damon said, wincing. I noticed his trousers had been torn at the knees from the fall, and his hands were pockmarked with gravel. I was untouched, except for a scrape on my elbow. â€Å"You should have fed.† I shrugged. The whistle of the train shrieked, and I took in the sights. We were on the edge of New Orleans, a bustling city filled with smoke and an aroma like a combination of butter and firewood and murky water. It was far bigger than Richmond, which had been the largest city Id ever known. But there was something else, a sense of danger that filled the air. I grinned. Here was a city we could disappear in. I began walking toward town at the superhuman speed I still hadnt gotten used to, Damon trailing behind me, his footfalls loud and clumsy, but steady. We made our way down Garden Street, clearly a main artery of the city. Surrounding us were rows of homes, as neat and colorful as dollhouses. The air was soupy and humid, and voices speaking French, English, and languages Id never heard created a patchwork of sound. Left and right, I could see alleyways leading down to the water, and rows of vendors were set up on the sidewalks, selling everything from freshly caught turtles to precious stones imported from Africa. Even the presence of blue-coated Union soldiers on every street corner, their muskets at their hips, seemed somehow festive. It was a carnival in every sense of the word, the type of scene Damon would have loved when we were human. I turned to look over my shoulder. Sure enough, Damons lips were curved in a slight smile, his eyes glowing in a way I hadnt seen in what felt like ages. We were in this adventure together, and now, away from memories of Katherine and Fathers remains and Veritas, maybe Damon could finally accept and embrace who he was. â€Å"Remember when we said wed travel the world?† I asked, turning toward him. â€Å"This is our world now.† Damon nodded slightly. â€Å"Katherine told me about New Orleans. She once lived here.† â€Å"And if she were here, shed want you to make this town your own–to live here, be here, to take your fill and make your place in the world.† â€Å"Always the poet.† Damon smirked, but he continued to follow me. â€Å"Perhaps, but its true. All of this is ours,† I said encouragingly, spreading my hands wide. Damon took a moment to consider my words and simply said, â€Å"All right, then.† â€Å"All right?† I repeated, hardly hoping to believe it. It was the first time hed glanced into my eyes since our fight at the quarry. â€Å"Yes. Im following you.† He turned in a citcle, pointing to the various buildings. â€Å"So, where do we stay? What do we do? Show me this brave new world.† Damons lips twisted into a smile, and I couldnt tell whether he was mocking me or was speaking in earnest. I chose to believe the latter. I sniffed the air and immediately caught a whiff of lemon and ginger.Katherine.Damons shoulders stiffened; he must have smelled it, too. Wordlessly, both of us spun on our heels and walked down an unmarked alleyway, following a woman wearing a satin lilac dress, a large sunbonnet on top of her dark curls. â€Å"Maam!† I called. She turned around. Her white cheeks were heavily rouged and her eyes ringed with kohl. She looked to be in her thirties, and already worry lines creased her fair forehead. Her hair fell in tendrils around her face, and her dress was cut low, revealing far too much of her freckled bosom than was strictly decorous. I knew instantly she was a scarlet woman, one wed whisper about as boys and point to when we were in the tavern in Mystic Falls. â€Å"You boys lookin for a good time?† she said languidly, her gaze flicking from me to Damon, then back again. She wasnt Katherine, not even close, but I could see a flicker in Damons eyes. â€Å"I don't think finding a place to stay will be a problem,† I whispered under my breath. â€Å"Don't kill her,† Damon whispered back, his jaw barely moving. â€Å"Come with me. I have some gals whod love to meet you. You seem like the type of boys who need adventure. That right?† She winked. A storm was brewing, and I could vaguely hear thunderclaps in the far distance. â€Å"Were always looking for an adventure with a pretty lady,† I said. Out of the corner of my eye, I saw Damon tighten his jaw, and I knew he was fighting the urge to feed.Don't fight it, I thought, fervently hoping Damon would drink as we followed her along the cobblestone streets. â€Å"Were right here,† she said, using a large key to unlock the wrought-iron door of a periwinkle blue mansion at the end of a cul-de-sac. The house was well kept, but the buildings on either side seemed abandoned, with chipping paint and gardens overflowing with weeds. I could hear the jaunty sound of a piano playing within. â€Å"Its my boardinghouse, Miss Mollys. Except, of course, at this boardinghouse we show you sometruehospitality, if thats what youre in the mood for,† she said, batting her long eyelashes. â€Å"Coming?† â€Å"Yes, maam.† I pushed Damon through the doorway, then locked the door behind us.

Julius Cesar essays

Julius Cesar essays Julius Caesar is one of the most famous people in world history. He was a very interesting man. It was Caesar who changed the way that the Roman government worked. He was also a great warrior and claimed a great deal of land for the Roman Empire. Julius Caesar was born on July 12th or 13th in 100 B.C. His father died when he was 16 years old. Soon after this he was married. In 84 B.C. he married Cornelia, the daughter of Lucius Cornelius Cinna. In 82 B.C., after some troubled debates about his marriage to Cornelia, Caesar left Rome to spend time in the military service in Asia and Cicilia. He returned in 78 B.C. He soon left again and travelled to Rhodes to study. During his journey he was captured by pirates. While he was being held hostage he convinced these pirates to raise his ransom higher, which increased his importance to the Roman people. When he was returned to Rome in 73 B.C. he put together a small naval force and went out to find the pirates who captured him. When he found them he crucified them and left them to die in the hot Mediterranean sun. In 68 or 69 B.C., Caesar was elected quaestor. Soon after his wife died he married Pompeia, a relative of Pompey. From 65 B.C. to 62 B.C. he was elected to several different offices. Caesar was making a very big name for himself in politics and after a scandal he divorced Pompeia. In 61 B.C. Caesar was made governor of Spain. When he returned to Rome the next year he formed the first triumvirate with Crassus and Pompey. Pompey and Caesar became very close when Pompey married Caesars only child, Julia. In 59 B.C. he married Calpurnia. The following year he was appointed governor of Roman Gaul. During the next eight years Caesar successfully conquered Gaelic Gaul to the north. Following the death of Crassus, in 53 B.C., Roman politics changed ...

Immigrants and Us Economy Essays

Immigrants and Us Economy Essays Immigrants and Us Economy Essay Immigrants and Us Economy Essay The Economic Impact of Illegal Immigrants and the US Economy According to most American people the view of illegal immigration is often a negative one. Philip Martin, an associate professor at University of California – Davis, wrote in his essay, over 90 percent of American population wanted to stop illegal immigration and another 80 percent wanted to reduce the numbers of illegal immigrants in the United States. (Martin, 1982) Illegal immigrants who â€Å"free ride† using the government programs such as unemployment, welfare, education, drain resources for those US citizens. An April 2006 FoxNews poll indicated that 87 percent of those polled expressed concern that illegal immigrants would overburden government programs and services. Sixty-five percent believe that illegal immigrants would cost the country more because they don’t pay taxes yet use public services such as schools and emergency care. The top three proposals in dealing with illegal immigration are: Eighty percent favored building up border patrols, 73 percent favored imposing fines to those employers who hire illegal immigrants, and 59 percent favored allowing temporary status for illegal immigrants. Fox News, 2006) Free ride is defined as receiving the benefit of a good without paying for it. How will illegal immigrants pay for public goods and services if they do not pay taxes? The Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR), is an organization whose common belief is to reform immigration policies to secure our nation’s interest. They raise issues regarding the impact illegal immigration on the US economy. FAIR estimated the number of illegal immigrants in the United States, to be approximately 13 million people as of 2007. Other numbers range from 10-12 million between the years of 2004-2006. In 2000, the Census Bureau estimated 8. 7 million and that and that the population will grow by at least 500,000 per year. (FAIR, 2008) FAIR says it costs the United States, in 2000, over 36 billion dollars for just three programs (education, medical and incarceration) to accommodate illegal immigrants in the US, with costs projected to be higher in 2010 and 2020 going up to 71 billion dollars and 106 billion dollars, respectively. With this many illegal immigrants one would wonder if America’s resource will be exhausted. Resource such as land, water and natural gas are limited resources and can be used one and then it is gone and no longer available for anyone else to use. Is it right that an illegal immigrant be given access to such resources without paying for them while the American taxpayer bears the expense? This paper will demonstrate how the US economy is impacted. The economic cost of illegal immigrants it taking a toll on the American people at their expense. A population explosion has Americans worried that illegal immigrants will use up public goods and services and will eventually exhaust its resources which were meant for American citizens. The numbers for American unemployment between the years of 2000 and 2007 are 136,559,000 to 146,032,000, respectively. The difference of 9,473,000 people in a 7-year timeframe is a surge in unemployment. Today, unemployment is at an all time high without the added issue of illegal immigrants â€Å"taking jobs away† by doing the jobs that no one else would want. Unemployment as defined by the Bureau of Labor Statistics Persons are classified as unemployed if they do not have a job, have actively looked for work in the prior 4 weeks, and are currently available for work. Persons who were not working and were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been temporarily laid off are also included as unemployed. (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2010) The reason why illegal workers are often employed is because it makes it easier for the employer and employee to escape paying taxes. In Ernesto Zedillo’s book, â€Å"The Future of Globalisation: Exploration in Light of Recent Turbulences†, he argues that without paying taxes, illegal immigrants can become a drain on social services and a public charge upon those states receiving the bulk of the inflow (Zedillo, 2007). With the free ride of not having to pay taxes, illegal immigrants are more prone to abuse and exploitation without the aid of the government programs. Zedillo concludes that while working in these harsh conditions, many illegal immigrants find it hard to economically and culturally live in the U. S. due to having the risk of become an underclass and face a social conflict with U. S. citizens (Zedillo, 2007). By having social conflicts with others, illegal immigrants will hurt government services by not actively articipates in contributing taxes however they will benefit the overall economy in which immigration is essential to the dynamism of the American economy and for sustaining its pace in job creation (Zedillo, 2007) (Gupta, 2010). On the other hand, Gupta argues that the impact is favorable for illegal immigrants because it keeps inflation low. [ (Gupta, 2010) ] He goes on to say those immigrants bring with them a hard work ethic, while most natives believe that they have a hidd en agenda to come to America to take advantage of it opportunities in hopes of making a better life and decide to stay in America. Another benefit for immigrants to join the work force is it keeps wages low resulting in decreased production costs and prices so consumers can spend more money. On the other hand, because most immigrants are less educated and earn less than natives, wages are decreased making the job market very competitive. Taking up residence in America would be imposing on the natives because again their resources and access to public goods will be limited by the growing numbers of illegal immigrants that are crossing America’s borders. Many could conclude that immigrants who come to America would exhaust the services that are currently being used by low-skilled workers who are just trying to survive through programs such as welfare and education. Before the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996, also known as the Welfare Reform Act, was signed by President Clinton, the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) existed. US Dept of Health and Human Services, Unk) AFDC was established by the Social Security Act of 1935 (HHS ASPE, 2009) It was a grant program in which states could provide payments for children in need to did not have a parent in the household, whether they were disabled, had died or unemployed. Each of the contiguous states, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands initiated and implemented an AFDC program PRWORA categorized immigrants and outlined who was entitle to certain public goods and services. Legal and illegal immigrants were barred from certain government programs including welfare. However, the Act was revised to allow services for various categories of immigrants to access emergency services and education. (MPI, 1996). The revision was known as Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, also signed by President Clinton. Title V of this Act ensured immigrants received access to public benefits and imposed requirement to obtain sponsorship for immigrants’ relatives. (VisaPortal, 2006). The purposes for such pieces of legislation were to ensure that immigrants and natives were given access to ensure they had facilities and programs for which they could survive. FAIR states the healthcare costs in California alone . 4 billion dollars in unreimbursed costs (Gluek amp; Cihak, 2005) . In the states of Texas and Arizona, respectively, the cost are as high as . 85 and . 4 billion a year. The costs continue to rise not only in the welfare and healthcare arena but there are also costs associated with the education of illegal immigrants and their children. Educating children of illegal immigrants could also cost the American taxpayers more money than if programs are not created to educate them. Three areas where it could cost the American taxpayer are: the legal system, the workforce, and for wages and taxes. (Miller, 1997) In the legal system, if education is not enforced then it is assumed that they will become delinquents and turn to crime and become involved in gang activity, resulting in attorney fees and possibly incarceration which again would hit the taxpayer’s wallet. Secondly, without an education, they would become illiterate and unable to obtain employment. An educated employee would receive a paycheck and pay taxes like the rest of the legal immigrants and American taxpayers. The more education received the more likelihood of being able to sustain themselves and their family. In due time, as members of society, they would â€Å"payback† the funds that were used for them and replace the needed funds through their taxes they paid for those in need. The cycle perpetuates itself because it is likely that children will pursue a better education. In the state of California alone, it has 12 percent of the nations public school students in grades K-12, but it is home to 46 percent of the nations 2. 8 million Limited-English Proficient (LEP) students. Programs have been created to accommodate those who do not speak English at home. The numbers of students are increasing. In 1990 it was 18 percent and rose to 25 percent in 1996. (Miller, 1997). In addition to creating programs, there is a growing need for bilingual teachers also. The shortage creates an education that could be deficient in learning skills hat are necessary to succeed through school. The Federation for American Immigration Reform as mentioned earlier, is an organization whose common belief is to reform immigration policies to secure our nation’s interest. They raise issues regarding the impact illegal immigration on the US economy. FAIR was organized in 1979 and has three main objectives: (1) improve border security, (2) stop illegal immigration, and (3) pr omote immigration levels consistent with national levels. FAIR writes publications and conduct research to assist government officials to write immigration legislation. Immigration is an important topic because it permeates every facet of the American way of life. From healthcare, education, welfare, our legal system, our environment, to budget and other areas all of which immigration legal and illegal; affect the American economy. Many people believe that immigration reform to legalize 11 million immigrants will inundate public services resulting in making it difficult for American to find employment. The issue of immigration is a very sensitive topic for most. While many support giving amnesty to millions of illegal immigrants, there are almost the same amount who do not support immigration reform. Immigration reform has its pros and cons. Many say that immigration reform will help America’s economy. Some say immigrants help out the economy by purchasing goods resulting in money coming back into the economy. Some say they drain the economy because they are competing with American natives who are low skilled workers by taking their jobs, who are just as unskilled as the natives are. If they do not further their education and strive to sharpen their skills, they will remain at that skill level. Unskilled labor usually mean s a higher poverty rate with increased unemployment rates. The laws of economic supply and demand would make the situation worse by lowering wages. On the other hand supporting immigration reform would mean more flexibility for businesses who use cheap labor. Increased productivity means increasing the supply for the demand to buy such products by consumer. Another reason supporters agree with reform is it give immigrant families an opportunity to work and support a family â€Å"back home†.. Immigrant families who come to America see coming to America as a land of opportunity just like ur forefathers did from Euroope. In summary, this paper addressed concerns about illegal immigrants getting a free ride by using public services such as welfare, education and unemployment. The American taxpayers have concerns and believe the United States and the federal government should move to limit the number of illegal immigrants to have access to public goods and services. The new welfare reform, PRWORA is the latest example. This legislation bar s illegal immigrants from virtually all public benefits. It also bars or permits states to bar legal immigrants from major federal programs including cash welfare, food stamps, Medicaid, and Supplemental Security Income, although these provisions are currently under challenge. (Smith amp; Edmonston, 1998) 1llegal immigrants who free ride should pay the taxes like others do and not partake of public services in place now and not take advantage of their neighbors who have managed to getting a service when they need it.

Evolutionary Psychology - Evolution Definition

Evolutionary Psychology - Evolution Definition Evolutionary psychology is a relatively new scientific discipline that looks at how human nature has evolved over time as a series of built up psychological adaptations. Many evolutionary biologists and other scientists are still reluctant to recognize evolutionary psychology as a valid science. Much like Charles Darwins ideas about natural selection, evolutionary psychology focuses on how favorable adaptations of human nature are selected for over less favorable adaptations. In the scope of psychology, these adaptations could be in the form of emotions or problem-solving skills. Evolutionary psychology is related to both macroevolution in the sense that it looks at how the human species, especially the brain, has changed over time, and it is also rooted in the ideas attributed to microevolution. These microevolutionary topics include changes at the gene level of DNA. Attempting to link the discipline of psychology to the theory of evolution via biological evolution is the aim of evolutionary psychology. In particular, evolutionary psychologists study how the human brain has evolved. The different regions of the brain control different parts of human nature and the physiology of the body. Evolutionary psychologists believe that the brain evolved in response to solving very specific problems. The Six Core Principles of Evolutionary Psychology The discipline of Evolutionary Psychology was founded on six core principles that combine a traditional understanding of psychology along with evolutionary biology ideas of how the brain functions. These principles are as follows:​​ The human brains purpose is to process information, and in doing so, it produces responses to both external and internal stimuli.The human brain adapted and has undergone both natural and sexual selection.The parts of the human brain are specialized to solve problems that occurred over evolutionary time.Modern humans have brains that evolved after problems recurred time and time again over long periods of time.Most of the human brains functions are done unconsciously. Even problems that seem easy to solve take very intricate neural responses at an unconscious level.Many very specialized mechanisms make up the whole of human psychology. All of these mechanisms together create human nature. Areas of Evolutionary Psychology Research The theory of evolution lends itself to several areas where psychological adaptations must occur in order for species to develop. The first is basic survival skills like consciousness, responding to stimuli, learning, and motivation. Emotions and personality also fall into this category, although their evolution is much more complex than basic instinctual survival skills. The use of language is also linked as a survival skill on the evolutionary scale within psychology. Another major area of evolutionary psychology research is the propagation of the species or mating. Based on observations of other species in their natural environments, the evolutionary psychology of human mating tends to lean toward the idea that females are more selective in their partners than males. Since males are instinctively wired spread their seed to any available female, the male human brain has evolved to be less selective than that of the female. The last major area of evolutionary psychology research centers on human interaction with other humans. This large research area includes research into parenting, interactions within families and relations, interactions with people that are not related and the combination of similar ideas to establish a culture. Emotions and language greatly influence these interactions, as does geography. Interactions occur more frequently among people living in the same area, which eventually leads to the creation of a specific culture that evolves based on immigration and emigration in the area.

Stock market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Stock market - Essay Example Gross Domestic Product is the total market value of all the final goods and services produced within a nation's borders in a given time period. Each goods and services produced and brought in the market have a price. The price of the total output is called as GDP. It can be measured by either cumulating all the income earned in the economy or all the spending in the economy and both measures should roughly equate to the same total. GDP is the basic measure of an economy's size. With the GDP used as a key indicator of economic activity and future economic prospects, any significant change in the GDP, either up or down, can have a major effect on stock market investors' sentiment. If investors believe that the economy is improving, and corporate earnings improving along with it, then they are more likely to bid stock prices to higher levels. Conversely, an actual or expected decline in GDP is very likely to run in parallel or in advance to a declining stock market. There is an alternat ive view to the interplay between GDP and the stock market. The stock market itself may exert a reverse effect on subsequent economic activity: a fall in the market may erode personal wealth, real or perceived, such that individuals will stop spending. With consumer spending representing around two-thirds of GDP, even a small change in consumption can exert significant negative effects on GDP. This is referred to as the "wealth effect", where if investors feel poorer, they will stop spending, thereby decreasing GDP and further exacerbating an already declining market. The Housing Market: The housing market is one of 10 leading economic indicators and a good measurement of discretionary spending by the general public making up 5% of the value of the overall economy. When the economy is up, people have a tendency to spend more and housing permits and sales are good indicators of this trend. When the economy slows people spend and building and buying will have a tendency to decline. The concern in the current housing market is with the recent surge in defaults with sub-prime loans. This trend is a major factor in the current decline of the housing market which can act as a deterrent to growth and can cause a ripple effect in the rest of the economy.

Shakespeare's Othello. Othello is responsible for his own actions. His Research Paper

Shakespeare's Othello. Othello is responsible for his own actions. His actions alone determined his fate - Research Paper Example Even though, Iago’s revenge plays a vital role in leading Othello to his tragedy, one cannot ignore the reason for that revenge. The root causes of Iago’s revenge are vested in Othello’s actions, such as, Othello’s act of having pushed him secondary and appoint Casio to the post of Lieutenant, Othello’s illegal affection (as Iago suspects) with Iago’s wife Emilia and finally his assumption that he is in love with Desdemona. The story of the play is dedicated to Iago’s peaceful effort to make Othello jealous of his beautiful wife Desdemona. This single mistake or character flaw brings Othello to ruin and he suffers a dramatic fall from extreme grace. Even though, there is a character flaw and the complications of external forces working against him, Othello is responsible for his miseries and his actions alone determined his fate. The play has split in to five acts which clearly presented the traditional Elizabethan style and the crisis between Othello and Iago begins in first act. Othello ignores the words of authorities and sidelined Iago from the selection procedure of lieutenant ship. Iago’s intentions make known the depth of his revenge against Othello and others. Iago put forward three complaints against Othello. They are Othello’s act of having pushed him less important and promoted Casio to the post of lieutenant, Iago’s misgiving is that Othello has been making love to his wife Emilia, and finally Othello’s supposition that he is in love with Desdemona. Based on theses three complains Iago weaved his plot against Othello. The calamity begins with Othello’s decisions to take on Cassio as his lieutenant. Iago feels disappointment and shame and he cleverly put away the marriage between Othello and Desdemona and decides to attack Desdemona’s father Brabantio. Here reader can find Othello paved the way for Iago to clear his way for revenge. As H. S. Toshack comments; à ¢â‚¬Å"Whatever those reasons, he takes the first step towards achieving his objective when he persuades Roderigo to stir up against Othello† (Toshack 8). Othello’s decision is final in Iago’s issue regarding the position of lieutenant and Iago believes that there is a conscious effort from Othello’s end behind his expulsion. Here it is easy for a reader to comprehend the fact that Othello’s thoughts and actions alone determined his tragic end. Othello’s illegal relationship with Emilia acts as a catalyst in Iago’s increasing revenge against his General. Iago feels ashamed and his doubts about his wife’s loyalty changed him a revengeful beast. Therefore, he says, â€Å"I hate the Moor, And it is thought abroad that 'twixt my sheets He has done my office.† (Act 1 scene 3) It is significant for the reader to think that Iago becomes helpless and he fails to react against his General’s illegal relationship towards his w ife. It hurts him deeply and his pain gradually transformed into revenge and he chooses Desdemona for his plot against Othello. Iago cleverly motivates Othello to suspect his wife Desdemona and in a moment of extreme madness Othello strangles his wife Desdemona. Later he kills himself realizing his follies of blindly believing Iago’s words and killing his innocent wife. Here one cannot avoid the role of reason behind Iago’s revenge. Rebecca W. Bushnell underlines this view by saying; â€Å"

1000 words Health Promotion in the Workplace Essay

1000 words Health Promotion in the Workplace - Essay Example Legislations are the rules that the government creates and imposes them on all health care organizations (Ashcroft, 2007). The state does this to ensure that health care givers treat patients using the safest methods. Legislations also help to protect the rights of both patients and health care givers. Ethical issues, on the other hand, are standards that help to determine actions that may be accepted by the society (Scriven, 2010). Ethical considerations help to emphasize and complement legislations. This means that health promoters use ethics whether there are legislations or not. This is because both ethics and legislations support one another when they exist, and when one is absent, the other is applicable (Seedhouse, 2009). For example, when an individual is suffering from type 2 diabetes, ethical considerations require health care givers to maintain the confidentiality of the disease between them and patients. Legislation on the other hand prevents individuals from compelling others to inform when they are suffering from illnesses such as type 2 diabetes. State legislations help to safeguard patients from being discriminated against and from being provided with poor services in health care centres. For example, the â€Å"Equality Act of 2010† protects diabetes victims from being shown prejudice at the workplace (Kronenfeld, 2012). This rule requires employers to give diabetes patients equal employment opportunities like others who do not suffer from the illness. Legislations also enable diabetes patients to enjoy the freedom of autonomy by requiring health providers to maintain the confidentiality of patient’s information. Health care givers are not supposed to expose the diabetes condition of a patient without the consent of that recipient (Ham, 2009). Health care givers also have the right to maintain the confidentiality of their condition when they suffer

The Plight of the honeybee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Plight of the honeybee - Essay Example Ethos on the other hand is the use of authority be it moral or technical expertise to make an authoritative argument while logos is the use of reason to make a persuasive argument. The article is littered with the use of logos or logical reasoning to make an argument. This is expected because the author discussed a scientific phenomenon which is the mass deaths in bee colonies. This was very obvious with the use of factual figures to quoting studies by experts in the field both by individuals and institutions. This may make the paper a difficult read but it was necessary to make the case convincing why the mass deaths of honeybee is alarming. The paper began in this note to establish credibility using hard figures such as citing 237 items out of 453 items vanished when honeybees are removed from the produce section of Whole Foods store in Rhode Island making a thesis that honeybees "are the glue that holds our agricultural system together" (Walsh). The phenomenon of honeybees mass deaths were also assigned a scientific term by the experts as colony-collapse disorder (CCD) where the number of honeybee colonies that disappeared had increased causing honeybee kee pers money and their business as well as endangering our staple food from the perspective of science. The research leader at the U.S. Department of Agricultures Bee Research Laboratory says that â€Å"we are very close to the edge† (Walsh). Another aspect in the article that used the logos approach is the discussion of the causes of such mass deaths among honeybees which are the pesticides particularly the compound neonicotinoids, the Varoa mites and poisoned environment. The destructive mites Varoa was explained as a microscopic mite that kills billions of bees by burrowing into the brood cells that host baby bees and also on how to kill it such as â€Å"Monsanto’s RNA-interference technology that

BUSINESS STRATEGY Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BUSINESS STRATEGY - Coursework Example Currently, it has market shares in UK stock exchange with the name Tesco. This report provides an insight into the Tesco Company through the use of BCG matrix to know the current strategies of the company. The United Kingdom is currently a global business centre consisting of different races from all over the world. Due to the increased population, Tesco fulfils their demands by importing goods that are not available in the UK from other European countries. As a multinational company, Tesco has developed many supplier management mechanics so as to survey key suppliers and the satisfaction of the franchisee. After a close internal analysis of the Tesco Company, it is observed that, goods importation is one of the Tesco’s imperative strengths as they are motivated by the allegory, â€Å"Pile it high and sell it cheap.† Tesco has a very good and established customer relation that never lets its brand down. The spectacular development of this Company is based on its ability to offer its customers various incentives through promotions. The efficiency of its products has greatly been developed by the product and development department, thus creating the desired customer relationship and satisfaction. Notably, much of the company’s success has been based on its customer loyalty. Therefore, Tesco has a strategy to develop its business by setting its focus to improving its relationship with the consumers by proving them with credit card loans, insurance policies and saving schemes. Brand Image Strategy is one of the systematic plans of action that has vehemently propelled the development of Tesco Company. The company achieves this by using their own name in selling their quality products at relatively cheaper prices. Its reputation is not only growing because of the cheaper products, but also because of its own products (Lamb, Hair,& McDaniel 2008, p.34). Tesco targets lower income earners by

Advanced Nurse Practitioners effective in the A&E environment Dissertation

Advanced Nurse Practitioners effective in the A&E environment - Dissertation Example Definition of Nursing - Nursing is an art and a science. - Earlier emphasis was on the care of sick patient; now the promotion of health is stressed. - British Nurses Association definition, 2003: Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual and potential health problems. Roles of Nursing Whether in hospital-based or community health care setting, nurses assume three basic roles: - Practitioner-involves actions that directly meet the health care and nursing needs of patients, families, and significant others; includes staff nurses at all levels of the clinical ladder, advanced practice nurses, and community-based nurses. - Leader-involves actions such as deciding, relating, influencing, and facilitating that affect the actions of others and are directed toward goal determination and achievement; may be a formal nursing leadership role or an informal role periodically assumed by the nurse. - Researcher-involves actions taken to implement studies to determine the actual effects of nursing care to further the scientific base of nursing; can include all nurses, not just academicians, nurse scientists, and graduate nursing students. History of Nursing - The first nurses were trained by religious institutions to care for patients; no standards or educational basis. - In 1873, Florence Nightingale developed a model for independent nursing A & E department to teach critical thinking, attention to the patient's individual needs, and respect for the patient's rights. - During the early 2003s, hospitals used nursing students as cheap labor and most graduate nurses were privately employed to provide care in the home. - After World War II, technological advancements brought more skilled and specialized care to... A & E departments in hospitals throughout the UK, such as investor-owned organizations and corporation chains, earn profit through aggressive marketing and pricing strategies. Emergency room visits to these facilities result in more inpatient admissions than in other (20 percent more) or public hospitals. And, once patients are in the hospital, professionally managed A & E departments more frequently utilize profitable ancillary services--such as the pharmacy, clinical laboratories, and diagnostic radiology --than do other ownership groups. Further, they charge approximately 80 percent more than publics and 38 percent more than A & E departments in downtown UK hospitals for inpatient ancillary services. Profits are also generated through lower salaries and lower staff-to-patient ratios. Though professionally managed A & E departments tend to have smaller facilities than A & E departments in UK hospitals, they utilize a higher proportion of space for patient care. Nurses, although are cost-effective but difficult to maintain and support in the A & E department, their presence is more likely to help the hospital/A & E Department be accredited than otherwise in various hospitals (Gray 2003). Based on a 2002 Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations study, whereas 14 percent of all hospitals are for-profit, 18 percent of accredited hospitals are for-profit. In contrast, whereas 59 percent of all hospitals are other, only 57 percent of accredited hospitals are.

BUSINESS STRATEGY Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BUSINESS STRATEGY - Coursework Example Currently, it has market shares in UK stock exchange with the name Tesco. This report provides an insight into the Tesco Company through the use of BCG matrix to know the current strategies of the company. The United Kingdom is currently a global business centre consisting of different races from all over the world. Due to the increased population, Tesco fulfils their demands by importing goods that are not available in the UK from other European countries. As a multinational company, Tesco has developed many supplier management mechanics so as to survey key suppliers and the satisfaction of the franchisee. After a close internal analysis of the Tesco Company, it is observed that, goods importation is one of the Tesco’s imperative strengths as they are motivated by the allegory, â€Å"Pile it high and sell it cheap.† Tesco has a very good and established customer relation that never lets its brand down. The spectacular development of this Company is based on its ability to offer its customers various incentives through promotions. The efficiency of its products has greatly been developed by the product and development department, thus creating the desired customer relationship and satisfaction. Notably, much of the company’s success has been based on its customer loyalty. Therefore, Tesco has a strategy to develop its business by setting its focus to improving its relationship with the consumers by proving them with credit card loans, insurance policies and saving schemes. Brand Image Strategy is one of the systematic plans of action that has vehemently propelled the development of Tesco Company. The company achieves this by using their own name in selling their quality products at relatively cheaper prices. Its reputation is not only growing because of the cheaper products, but also because of its own products (Lamb, Hair,& McDaniel 2008, p.34). Tesco targets lower income earners by

Arab's scientists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arab's scientists - Essay Example During these years, the various "Muslim artists and scientists, princes and laborers together made a unique culture that has directly and indirectly influenced societies on every continent" (Turner, 1). In my article I will focus on the well known Arab algebraic mathematicians and their contributions towards the study of science and technology that continue to influence us even today. Discussion The modern form of ‘scientific method,’ that forms the core in all studies pertaining to mathematics and science, is said to have been first established by Ibn Al Haytham (Alhazen), a well known Persian scientist of the 10th-11century Arab world (Gorini, 53-55). In fact it has been contended by many scholars that the study of science in its modern essence has taken shape from the various scientific ideas and knowledge that transpired during the Islamic golden period (Hossein, 71). Ibn al-Haytham is considered to be a trendsetter in the field of of  experimental physics (Gorini, 55)  where his innovative methods of experimentation and quantifications, in order to differentiate between the varying scientific notions and thoughts, are still held in great esteem amongst the modern scientists.  In his famous treatise,  Book of Optics, he transformed the scientific study of  optics, where he empirically derived that owing to the  light rays  that enter the human eye makes it possible for a person to see (Elliot, 330-37). During this golden period, Islamic mathematics played an important role in the overall growth and development of Islamic scientific studies. The development in mathematics mainly grew from the various religious observations that had integrated within it, different problems related to astronomy and mathematics, especially the subjects of algebra, geometry, trigonometry,  and  arithmetic. The Islamic law of inheritance proved to be a great catalyst in the development of algebra (a derivative from the Arabic word al-jabr), a branch of mathematics, by well known Islamic mathematicians during the medieval period, such as,  Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi.   Al-Khwarizmi in his famous book Hisab al-jabr w’al-muqabala  used algebra (in the form of linear equations) to come to a logical derivation on the subject of the Islamic law of inheritance.  Later other mathematicians like Al-Hassar who in the 12th century formulated the modern mathematical symbolic notations, like fractions. Another well known mathematician in the 15th century, Abu al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Qalasadi actualized an algebraic symbolic notation which is considered to be "the first steps toward the introduction of algebraic symbolism" in the 15th century (O'Connor and  Robertson, Abu'l Hasan ibn Ali al Qalasadi, 1999). There are three main theories regarding the conceptualization of Islamic algebra, where the first one states that it was derived from Hindu scientific notions; the second theory tell us that Islamic algebra came from Mes opotamian influences; while the third theory opines that it was derived from Greek algebraic notions (Boyer, 230). Throughout the entire golden era, before the Islamic civilization came to an end, the Arab scientists were fully aware of the notions of rhetorical algebra, which was in wide use, and often the numbers were written in the form of words (like ‘

Challenges in the 21st Century Police Force

Challenges in the 21st Century Police Force What are the Challenges a Police Force face in a diverse Society? A diverse society is a society in which there are different kinds of people, different races such as black, white, Asian, Mexican etc. The theory of diversity includes acceptance and respect. It means understanding that each individual is unique and knowing individual differences. These can be along the magnitudes of age, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, physical abilities, socio-economic status and religious beliefs. This essay will explain in detail these main challenges that police face in a diverse society. Diversity in the police force is one of the most major aspects that should be looked at. This is because of the outcome that it is most likely to have on the effectiveness and the overall perception of the police force. Policing is one of the most vital requirements of a non-violent living of society. Policing can be seen as overseeing others ensuring that they keep to law and order. As a result the most significant work of the police is to implement public orders and ensure that they abide by the law. The police force is given the order of imposing law in society. It makes sure people practice their individual rights but in doing so they do not obstruct the rights of others to practice their rights too. The police force is also given responsibilities to oversee the public relationship. In servicing the public, the police therefore are involved in an arrangement of activities that are meant to ensure a supportive atmosphere of life in the public. In this regard, they adapt important functions like management and directing of traffic, be present at emergencies, directing tourists, and other purposes further than their ordinary tasks of arresting and punishing law breakers. For that reason we can say the community needs regulating by the police in order to be operational. This shows that they will need to be in full effect in their work in order for them to deal with a number of different issues that arise in the running of order in public. It will be essential if police are well equipped, organized and well adapted to these challenges. The public is diverse so is the complications so the police will need to be highly prepared to address this in public. And so, one of the most vital problems that in the police force that it becomes a necessity to look into is diversity in their training and in their plan for the police force in order to address situations effectively. Disappointment to deliver services will not be the only bad outcome of lack of diversity but it will also be compounded. It has been shown that the malfunctioning of the police force is increasing rapidly as a result of lack of doubt and faith between different ethnic groups depending on the way they feel represented in the force. In major cities around the world, there has been increasing conflicts between the ethnic minority groups and the majority of the police force, for example in the US conflict is constantly accumulating between the white police and the Black American youths who feel that they are not represented in the police force. Race plays a factor, to the extent that it’s a white officer and a black victim. Black people were subject to unusual policing, and depicted by the media, politicians and criminal justice agents as a ‘social problem’ and demonised as ‘folk devils’. Consequently, this could lead to the public being reluctant to give information to the police for that reason this undermines the issue of communicating police. The public or the police are also likely to decline or appear as a witness due to the relationship between the two which becomes non-existent. It has been shown that some of the crimes that are committed particularly in the low income areas are due to marginalisation of these areas since they are not well represented in the police force. (Spencer and Hough 2000, p.82) The minute the marginalised groups feel that they have been disregarded and not well represented, they may resort to organising as well as joining criminal gangs and criminal activities which take on the role of protecting their area and the public where police have been unsuccessful. This will also lead to police orders not being recognised in the marginalised groups subsequently they may not feel as part of the larger society. In some instances it has been shown that the lack of integration of the marginalised groups in the police force can result to anxiety and in some cases riots. There have been several claims that the communities who felt side-lined always feel like they are victimized by the police force and are almost certainly likely to rise against some police orders. Between the 6th and 10th of august 2011 thousands ofpeoplein the UK were rioting in several boroughs in London and many cities and towns. This was due to the protest against the death of a local who was shot dead by police without reason, violence then began, destroyed homes, police vehicles, andbusinessof citizens and even magistrate’s court of London. The following reasons can be outlined as basic reasons for the riots; poor relationship between the police and communities, especially where a ‘stop and search’ occurred whilst some deliberately engaged in the riots to loot without any consequence and others engaged deliberately to attack the police. As we mentioned there is a possibility of growth within street groups/gangs which take on the role of the police. This makes the streets more dangerous not only for the police but also for the community and a breeding ground for unlawful criminal activities. (Arvind 1999, P.270) There has been an increase in diversity in the UK society since 1960s. This was due to the increased rate for global order that was taking place as well as the growth of the economic system that gave rise to different classes in society. There was also the enactment of new legislations which were all intended at winding the right of the previously marginalised group. Incidentally these acts were looking towards generating a more lawful society where individuals coexisted as one and where there A number of legislations that were put in place since then to address the necessities of marginalised groups. The sexual Act 1967 was enacted in the awareness of legalising and protecting homosexuality which was practiced by a minority group in the UK society. In 1970 the Equal Pay Act was to create more fairness in the workplace and to decrease the growth in segmentation of the society into classes. The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 was to defend individuals from being discriminated on the foundations of their sex particularly in employment and in other public places. In 1976 the Race relations Act was to address the issue of discrimination according to race. This was aimed at protecting the human rights of minority races in the UK. In the recent past there has been way of Human Rights Act 1998 which prolonged the protection in contradiction of discrimination on the ground of religion. All the above represents laws that have been put in place in the UK in order to bring some equality. This has been due to the awareness that society in the UK is facing numerous challenges. With such consciousness the government has been in the lead in safeguarding the laws to lookout for diversity and to protect all individuals. ( Skalnick and Fyfe 2005,) Nevertheless there have been efforts by the government to address the issue of diversity in society; still there are some problems that the police force in the UK is facing. One of the foremost problems that have been affecting the public is gene hunt attitudes. This has been led by the opinions in society that there are some who are more superior to others and some who can accomplish better than others. This is evident to the belief that police men are better than police women and consequently there has been a twisted recruitment and employment in the police force. This issue has been dealt with in a comprehensive manner but it still remains a matter in the police force. On the other hand there are other problems that have been there and are still present. One of such problems has been racism and ethnicity. The issue of racism has not only been mirrored in the police force itself but has also caused an effect on the relationship between the police and the public. For example there are some races that are imposed to abrupt stop and search in the public as mentioned earlier. It has been publicised that Black youth and Asians are imposed to this form of inequality by the police force. The use of stop and search powers by the police has been the most controversial issue in debates about policing ethnic minority communities. Specifically for young black men the humiliating experience of being stopped repeatedly and searched is a fact of life, in some parts of London at least. Also research evidence shows that in general, people who are seen as ‘white’ tend to have a more satisfactory experience of the police than people whose ancestry lies in Asia, Africa and the ‘islands of the sea’. Inside the police force there has been animosity on the mode of promotion as the proportion of ethnic minority officers at constable and advanced level remains low compared to others. The numbers of ethnic minorities at the higher ranks of the police service inappropriately continue to be low – only 45 ethnic minorities were ranked at Superintendent and above in 2006 in comparison to 1,634 white people ( Minsitry of Justice 2007) In 2004, a report for the Morris Inquiry by Assistant Commissioner/Policeman Tarique Ghaffur found black and Asian officers are expected to be investigated twice as likely or receive formal written warnings compared to other officers. This indicates that the issue of ethnic issues and racism is not only reflected in the policing of the public but it is also a problematic within the police force itself. In this regard the majority of white police officers have been shown to be mistreating their black and Asian counterpart based on holding of ethnic minority suspects. (Rowe 2004, p. 71) An additional problem that the police force has been facing is gender issues. Historically there has been improvement on this subject. There was not at all any woman in the UK police force till the development of Women’s Police Service (WPS) in London in 1914. This was formed by Suffragette and anti-slavery complainers Margaret Dawson and Nina Boyle. Yet there was still no connection the Metropolitan police force. At that time the Chief commission permitted those to patrol the setter, to take on rescue work on prostitutes; however they were issued with identity cards. Female police were seen as a side police to assist the main police force to deal with petty/minor issues. In 1915 the Police in Grantham, Lincolnshire became initially the first to recruit women officially in the force with Mrs. Edith Smith becoming the first female police officer to be granted the power to arrest. In 1918 the metropolitan’s police selected 25 women for the world of patrol but they were not given power to arrest till 1923 to 1930 (Westmarland 2001, p.93) Even though they were included in the police force, women continue as a separated force from the main police force. Nonetheless this was brought to an end with the enactment of the Equal Pay Act of 1970 which required police authority to take stock. In 1973 there was a move with the integration of the women’s police service in the main police force. This was 150 years since the development of the Metropolitan Police. ( Brown and Heidersohn 2000) For all that time whilst there was low presentation of women in the police force, many problems were experienced with the treatment of the cases regarding women. Increased rates of rape were becoming common and most of these cases were not well controlled by the male officers who had the same male ego with the rapists. Victims of these occurrences were not able to talk to female officers who could have understood them well and better. Even by late 1990s there was still not a professional force that could carefully deal with the issue of rape. In this year the Met Assistant Commissioner agreed with the notion that the police force could be making a contribution to low convincing rates for rapists due to lack of professionalism in their work. This is evident to primary evidence kits which are used to take urine samples and mouth swabs before a medical examination takes place which was only used in only 1/3 of all the instances that they were likely to be used. (Cater Collin 2004) Sexuality is also an issue as far as diversity in the police force is fretful. There has been many assumptions that has been made with regards to this issue that homosexuality is likely to effect the police. There has been gradual acceptance since 1960s with the legislations that were made. In 1990 the development of the gay police association including high profile police included high profile police offences which led to an increase in complaints of homophobic among police officers. It is recorded that between 2007 and 2007 there were around 7000 driven of homophobia in the police force. The issue of disabled police officers has surfaced more than often. They have claimed to be side-lined which led to the development of National Disabled Police association. There has also been an issue increasing regarding religion in the police force. Together police performance should be carried out in alliance with the public in order to help them recognize the diversity within that community itself. The two concepts above all relate to a series of problems but all in which can help improve good service delivered by the police. Both concepts can be taken as a likely way of responding to the devisers needs of the various groups within society. In 1999 there was determination to increase the number of police officers recruited from ethnic minorities. The racist murder of a black London teenager, Stephen Lawrence, in April 1993 triggered this and a subsequent inquiry by Sir William Macpherson into his death. The Macpherson report which was published in February 1999 concluded that the police handling of the murder investigation had been marred by institutional racism and called, amongst other things, for targets to be set to increase the recruitment and retention of ethnic minority officers. Looking carefully at the concept of policing by the community, we find that new measures have been taken on. Various proposals have been proposed by the home office in terms of increasing this diversity within the police force. There has been an increase in the proportion of serving police officers who are from ethnic minorities, from 0.7 per cent in 1986 to 3.4 per cent in 2005 ( Ministry of Justice 2007). This means that they remain considerably under-represented given that around 7 per cent of the economically active population are from ethnic minorities, and this was also below the target of 4 per cent proposed in 2004. The home office targets to increase this by February 2009 although it was decided to drop this unrealistic central target and have it replaced with individual targets for to each police force to imitate the ethnic make-up of their local communities. A growing trend in the variation of employing where from 2003 it was passed that the assessor from police recruits will be from the local community rather than the police force. There has also been an increased consciousness on the need that certain issues such as rape needs to be addressed especially with an increase in recruiting female officers. Furthermore issues such as sexuality need to be addressed such as homophobic attacks and Islam phobia attacks. To conclude police face multiple challenges everyday continuously addressing the issue of diversity’s but this will help to make the police force more receptive to the requirement of the public and will also assist improving the relationship between the police and the public. REFERENCES Arvind, V 1999, Cultural roots Tucson, AZ. of police corruption in India, Policing, 3, (pp. 234) Brown, J. Heidersohn, F 2000, Gender and policing: comparative perspectives, MacMillan pp. 301 Carter Collins, S.2004, Sexual harassment and police discipline: Whos policing the police? Policing, Vol.4, pp. 511 Heidensohn, F 2005, Women in Control? In Newburn, Policing, pp. 751-760 Joan, M 1998, Deadly force and the rule of law: the Guyana example, Policing, 3, (pp. 465 479) Rowe, M 2004, Policing, race and racism, William Silvestri, M 2003, Women in charge: policing, gender and leadership, William Skalnick, J. Fyfe, J 2005, the beating of Rodney King in Newburn, Policing, pp. 568-575 Spencer, B. Hough, M 2000, Policing diversity: lessons from Lambeth, Home Office, Policing and Reducing Crime Unit Westmarland, L 2001, Gender and policing: sex, power and police culture, William

Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essay -- Shirley Jackson Lottery Essay

Shirley Jackson's 'The Lottery'   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The setting in a story helps to form the story and it makes the characters become more interesting. There are three main types of setting. The first is nature and the outdoors, second is objects of human manufacture and construction and the third is cultural conditions and assumptions. These three things help the reader to understand the characters better in Shirley Jackson's 'The Lottery';.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  'The Lottery'; is started out by being described as 'The morning of June 27th was clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full summer day.'; The flowers are blooming and the children have just gotten out of school for the summer. To the everyday reader this story starts out as a pleasant one but there is much more in store for the reader at the end of the story. Th setting leads the reader to believe that this is your normal kind of town with normal people. But it isn't until the end that the reader finds out that winning the lottery might not be as good as they thought it was.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first type of setting that, Nature and the Outdoors plays a major role in 'The Lottery';. The most unusual thing about 'The Lottery'; is that the author never tells the reader exactly where the story is taking place. This means that the reader has to gather clues to try and figure out where this is all happening. The are only a few clues given to help the reader out. One clue is that the men are 'Speaking of planting and rain, tractors and taxes';. T... Shirley Jackson's 'The Lottery' Essay -- Shirley Jackson Lottery Essay Shirley Jackson's 'The Lottery'   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The setting in a story helps to form the story and it makes the characters become more interesting. There are three main types of setting. The first is nature and the outdoors, second is objects of human manufacture and construction and the third is cultural conditions and assumptions. These three things help the reader to understand the characters better in Shirley Jackson's 'The Lottery';.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  'The Lottery'; is started out by being described as 'The morning of June 27th was clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full summer day.'; The flowers are blooming and the children have just gotten out of school for the summer. To the everyday reader this story starts out as a pleasant one but there is much more in store for the reader at the end of the story. Th setting leads the reader to believe that this is your normal kind of town with normal people. But it isn't until the end that the reader finds out that winning the lottery might not be as good as they thought it was.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first type of setting that, Nature and the Outdoors plays a major role in 'The Lottery';. The most unusual thing about 'The Lottery'; is that the author never tells the reader exactly where the story is taking place. This means that the reader has to gather clues to try and figure out where this is all happening. The are only a few clues given to help the reader out. One clue is that the men are 'Speaking of planting and rain, tractors and taxes';. T...

Knights of the Golden Circle Essay -- American History, Bickley, Valla

In 1854, a medical practitioner of ambiguous credentials, George W. L. Bickley, founded the Knights of the Golden Circle. Headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, the Golden Circle was complete with passwords, quasi-Masonic rituals, secret signs and symbols. The Knights of the Golden Circle (later called the Order of the American Knights and, by February 1864, the Sons of Liberty) (Bruce Tap, Over Lincoln Shoulder, 73) quickly hatched lodges throughout Kentucky, Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. To identify themselves, members wore the head of Liberty cut out from the old-style copper pennies. (Tap, 74) Affectionately, their enemies called them Copperheads, a reference to the venomous snake. Although there were many, it is arguable that the antiwar Copperheads rallied the most passionate around one leader, Clement Vallandigham. Born on July 29th, 1820 in New Lisbon, Ohio, Vallandigham was a brilliant individual, whose young mind at age two knew the alphabet, at twelve, spoke Greek and Latin, and who entered Jefferson College in Philadelphia at the age of seventeen. At nineteen, Clement Vallandigham became principle at Union Academy in Maryland, and at twenty was editor of an extremist Democratic newspaper. (Tap, 6) Later in life, Vallandigham gained the reputation in Ohio as an unbeatable, eccentric, defense attorney. After a term as governor of Ohio, Vallandigham was elected to congress with the platform of anti-Abolitionist Democrat, advocating Confederate Independence and denouncing emancipation, but was defeated in 1862. (Chandra Manning, What This Cruel War Was Over, 99) In his last speech before Congress, Vallandigham urged his countrymen to stop fighting. (Roger L. Ranson, The Confederate States of America: What Mi... ...nited States. (Ranson, 160) Lincoln’s reputation however won by over 400,000 popular votes and easily confirmed an electoral majority. Several states now allowed their soldier citizens to cast a ballot, a first in United States history. Soldiers in the army gave Lincoln over than 70% of their votes. (Manning, 148) Meanwhile, as the list of dead and wounded hit northern newspapers, Vallandigham returned from Canadian exile to attend a convention condemning this â€Å"unnecessary war† and adopting resolutions in favor of an â€Å"immediate cessation of hostilities† and a negotiated peace. (Manning, 149) Once again up to his old tricks, Vallandigham would later disguise himself by stuffing a pillow under his shirt and donning a false mustache just in time to denounce Lincoln publically in the 1864 presidential election, where at which Lincoln will ignore him. (Dickson, 316) Knights of the Golden Circle Essay -- American History, Bickley, Valla In 1854, a medical practitioner of ambiguous credentials, George W. L. Bickley, founded the Knights of the Golden Circle. Headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, the Golden Circle was complete with passwords, quasi-Masonic rituals, secret signs and symbols. The Knights of the Golden Circle (later called the Order of the American Knights and, by February 1864, the Sons of Liberty) (Bruce Tap, Over Lincoln Shoulder, 73) quickly hatched lodges throughout Kentucky, Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. To identify themselves, members wore the head of Liberty cut out from the old-style copper pennies. (Tap, 74) Affectionately, their enemies called them Copperheads, a reference to the venomous snake. Although there were many, it is arguable that the antiwar Copperheads rallied the most passionate around one leader, Clement Vallandigham. Born on July 29th, 1820 in New Lisbon, Ohio, Vallandigham was a brilliant individual, whose young mind at age two knew the alphabet, at twelve, spoke Greek and Latin, and who entered Jefferson College in Philadelphia at the age of seventeen. At nineteen, Clement Vallandigham became principle at Union Academy in Maryland, and at twenty was editor of an extremist Democratic newspaper. (Tap, 6) Later in life, Vallandigham gained the reputation in Ohio as an unbeatable, eccentric, defense attorney. After a term as governor of Ohio, Vallandigham was elected to congress with the platform of anti-Abolitionist Democrat, advocating Confederate Independence and denouncing emancipation, but was defeated in 1862. (Chandra Manning, What This Cruel War Was Over, 99) In his last speech before Congress, Vallandigham urged his countrymen to stop fighting. (Roger L. Ranson, The Confederate States of America: What Mi... ...nited States. (Ranson, 160) Lincoln’s reputation however won by over 400,000 popular votes and easily confirmed an electoral majority. Several states now allowed their soldier citizens to cast a ballot, a first in United States history. Soldiers in the army gave Lincoln over than 70% of their votes. (Manning, 148) Meanwhile, as the list of dead and wounded hit northern newspapers, Vallandigham returned from Canadian exile to attend a convention condemning this â€Å"unnecessary war† and adopting resolutions in favor of an â€Å"immediate cessation of hostilities† and a negotiated peace. (Manning, 149) Once again up to his old tricks, Vallandigham would later disguise himself by stuffing a pillow under his shirt and donning a false mustache just in time to denounce Lincoln publically in the 1864 presidential election, where at which Lincoln will ignore him. (Dickson, 316)